Saturday, March 31, 2012

The Storage of Dehydrogenase of Sodium


Dehydrogenase of SodiumInformation of Dehydrogenase of Sodium:
Molecular formula - C24H33NaO5
Molecular weight: 424.51
CAS No. 145-41-5
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A dehydrogenase (also called DHO in the literature) is an enzyme that oxidises a substrate by a reduction reaction that transfers one or more hydrides (H−) to an electron acceptor, usually NAD+/NADP+ or a flavin coenzyme such as FAD or FMN.

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Properties of Strontium Fluoride

Strontium fluoride, SrF2, also called strontium difluoride and strontium(II) fluoride, is a fluoride of strontium. It is a stable brittle white crystalline solid with melting point of 1477°C and boiling point 2460°C.
Strontium fluorideMolecularformula:F2Sr
 CAS No.:7783-48-4
 Molecularweight:125.62

Strontium fluoride is almost insoluble in water (its Ksp value is approximately 2.0x10-10 at 25 degrees Celsius.
It irritates eyes and skin, and is harmful when inhaled or ingested.
Similar to CaF2 and BaF2, SrF2 displays superionic conductivity at elevated temperatures.Strontium fluoride is transparent to light in the wavelengths from vacuum ultraviolet (150 nm) to infrared (11 µm). Its optical properties are intermediate to calcium fluoride and barium fluoride.

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General Knowledge of Lactic Acid

Lactic acid, also known as milk acid, is a chemical compound that plays a role in various biochemical processes and was first isolated in 1780 by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele. Lactic acid is a carboxylic acid with the chemical formula C3H6O3. It has a hydroxyl group adjacent to the carboxyl group, making it an alpha hydroxy acid (AHA).
Lactic AcidIn solution, it can lose a proton from the acidic group, producing the lactate ion (to be specific, an anion due to being negatively charged with an extra electron) CH3CH(OH)COO−. Compared to acetic acid, its pKa is 1 unit smaller, meaning lactic acid deprotonates ten times as easily as acetic acid does. This higher acidity is the consequence of the intramolecular hydrogen bridge between the α-hydroxyl and the carboxylate group, making the latter less capable of strongly attracting its proton.
Lactic acid is miscible with water or ethanol, and is hygroscopic.
Lactic acid is chiral and has two optical isomers. One is known as L-(+)-lactic acid or (S)-lactic acid and the other, its mirror image, is D-(−)-lactic acid or (R)-lactic acid.
In animals, L-lactate is constantly produced from pyruvate via the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in a process of fermentation during normal metabolism and exercise. It does not increase in concentration until the rate of lactate production exceeds the rate of lactate removal, which is governed by a number of factors, including monocarboxylate transporters, concentration and isoform of LDH, and oxidative capacity of tissues. The concentration of blood lactate is usually 1–2 mmol/L at rest, but can rise to over 20 mmol/L during intense exertion.
In industry, lactic acid fermentation is performed by lactic acid bacteria. These bacteria can also grow in the mouth; the acid they produce is responsible for the tooth decay known as caries.
In medicine, lactate is one of the main components of lactated Ringer's solution and Hartmann's solution. These intravenous fluids consist of sodium and potassium cations along with lactate and chloride anions in solution with distilled water, generally in concentrations isotonic with human blood. It is most commonly used for fluid resuscitation after blood loss due to trauma, surgery, or burn injury.

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Knowledge of Testosterone Propionate

Testosterone PropionateAs with any form of testosterone, Testosterone Propionate , once in the body, is partially converted to both estrogen as well as Dihydrotestosterone. These are often the cause of many side effects such as gynocomastia, water retention, hair loss and prostate enlargement. Also, as with most steroids, injected testosterone propionate will inhibit your natural testosterone levels and HPTA. The advantage with testosterone propionate, in this respect, is that it will clear your system more quickly than other versions, and allow you to begin recovery more rapidly.
Typically, testosterone propionate is stacked with other quick acting injectables, and is usually reserved for cutting cycles, where short esters are preferred. Trenbolone Acetate and Masteron are typically used in such cycles.
Sometimes experienced users will actually employ a strategy known as "frontloading" with testosterone propionate. They usually use the rapid onset time of testosterone propionate to gain quick results in strength and weight, while also using a longer estered testosterone concurrently, and allowing the longer ester to “kick in” a few weeks into the cycle.
Unfortunately, Testosterone Propionate is the most expensive testosterone to use, due to the injection frequency and high demand on the black market- where it is readily available. Currently, it runs about $40-60 for a 10-20ml bottle dosed at 100mgs/ml, which will only last a couple of weeks for the average user.
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Treatment of Calcitonin

Calcitonin can be used therapeutically for the treatment of hypercalcemia or osteoporosis.
Anti-CT (Calcitonin )Oral calcitonin may have a chondroprotective role in osteoarthritis (OA), according to data in rats presented in December, 2005, at the 10th World Congress of the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) in Boston, Massachusetts. Although calcitonin is a known antiresorptive agent, its disease-modifying effects on chondrocytes and cartilage metabolisms have not been well established until now.
This new study, however, may help to explain how calcitonin affects osteoarthritis. “Calcitonin acts both directly on osteoclasts, resulting in inhibition of bone resorption and following attenuation of subchondral bone turnover, and directly on chondrocytes, attenuating cartilage degradation and stimulating cartilage formation,” says researcher Morten Karsdal, MSC, PhD, of the department of pharmacology at Nordic Bioscience in Herlev, Denmark. “Therefore, calcitonin may be a future efficacious drug for OA.”
Subcutaneous injections of calcitonin in patients suffering from mania resulted in significant decreases in irritability, euphoria and hyperactivity and hence calcitonin holds promise for treating bipolar disorder. However no further work on this potential application of calcitonin has been reported.

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Structure and Physical PropertiesCadmium Sulfide

Cadmium sulfide
Cadmium sulfide has, like zinc sulfide, two crystal forms; the more stable hexagonal wurtzite structure (found in the mineral Greenockite) and the cubic zinc blende structure (found in the mineral Hawleyite). In both of these forms the cadmium and sulfur atoms are four coordinate. There is also a high pressure form with the NaCl rock salt structure.
Cadmium sulfide is a direct band gap semiconductor. The magnitude of its band gap means that it appears coloured.
As well as this obvious property others properties result:
The conductivity increases when irradiated with light(leading to uses as a photoresistor)
when combined with a p-type semiconductor it forms the core component of a photovoltaic (solar) cell and a CdS/Cu2S solar cell was one of the first efficient cells to be reported (1954). When doped with for example Cu+ ("activator") and Al3+ ("coactivator") CdS luminesces under electron beam excitation (cathodoluminescence) and is used as phosphor both polymorphs are piezoelectric and the hexagonal is also pyroelectric lectroluminescence. CdS crystal can act as a solid state laser.

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Specifications of Methyl Myristate

 Methyl myristate is a kind of clear and colorless liquid. Methyl myristate can dissolve in water, and it also can dissolve in organic solvents such as ethanol or ether. It can be used in the synthesis of cosmetics, detergent intermediates, spice, essence, lubricating materials, and so on.
Specifications of Methyl myristate:
Methyl myristate
CAS Number: 124-10-7
Molecular Weight: 242.40
Molecular Formula: C15H30O2
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Melting point: 18.00 to 19.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling point : 323.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Specific gravity:0.85500 @ 25.00 °C.

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Side Effects of Teriparatide


Teriparatide (Forteo, also available in generic form) is a recombinant form of parathyroid hormone, used in the treatment of some forms of osteoporosis. It is manufactured and marketed by Eli Lilly and Company.
Teriparatide AcetateTeriparatide is administered by injection once a day in the thigh or abdomen. The recommended dose is 20 μg per day.
The most commonly reported side effects are nausea, leg cramps and dizziness. The main risk of teriparatide is an increased risk of osteosarcoma, at least as seen in rat studies. It should be noted that, unlike humans, rat bones grow for their entire life. The tumors found in the rat studies were located on the end of the bones which grew after the injections began. Cases of bone tumor and osteosarcoma have been reported rarely in the postmarketing period.

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Tips for The Use of Halazepam

Halazepam


Do not take halazepam if you have narrow-angle glaucoma. Halazepam may worsen this condition.
Before taking this medication, tell your doctor if you have kidney disease, liver disease,  asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, or another respiratory disease; or are depressed or have suicidal thoughts.
You may not be able to take halazepam, or you may require a dosage adjustment or special monitoring during treatment if you have any of the conditions listed above.
It is not known whether halazepam will harm an unborn baby. Do not take this medication without first talking to your doctor if you are pregnant. It is not known whether halazepam passes into breast milk. Do not take halazepam without first talking to your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby. If you are over 65 years of age, you may be more likely to experience side effects from halazepam. You may require a lower dose of this medication.
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The Details of Bismuth

Bismuth
Bismuth  is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83. Bismuth, a trivalent poor metal, chemically resembles arsenic and antimony. Elemental bismuth may occur naturally uncombined, although its sulfide and oxide form important commercial ores. The free element is 86% as dense as lead. It is a brittle metal with a silvery white color when freshly produced, but is often seen in air with a pink tinge owing to surface oxidation. Bismuth metal has been known from ancient times, although until the 18th century, it was often confused with lead and tin, which each have some of the metal's bulk physical properties. The etymology is uncertain, but possibly comes from Arabic bi ismid, meaning having the properties of antimony or German words weisse masse or wismuth meaning "white mass".
Bismuth is the most naturally diamagnetic of all metals, and only mercury has a lower thermal conductivity.
Bismuth has classically been considered to be the heaviest naturally occurring stable element, in terms of atomic mass. Recently, however, it has been found to be very slightly radioactive: its only primordial isotope bismuth-209 decays via alpha decay into thallium-205 with a half-life of more than a billion times the estimated age of the universe.
Bismuth compounds (accounting for about half the production of bismuth) are used in cosmetics, pigments, and a few pharmaceuticals, notably Pepto-Bismol. Bismuth has unusually low toxicity for a heavy metal. As the toxicity of lead has become more apparent in recent years, alloy uses for bismuth metal (presently about a third of bismuth production), as a replacement for lead, have become an increasing part of bismuth's commercial importance.

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Materials of Industry Porcelain

Industry porcelainKaolin clay is the primary material from which porcelain is made, even though clay minerals might account for only a small proportion of the whole. The word "paste" is an old term for both the unfired and fired material. A more common terminology these days for the unfired material is "body", for example, when buying materials a potter might order an amount of porcelain body from a vendor.
The composition of porcelain is highly variable, but the clay mineral kaolinite is often a raw material. Other raw materials can include feldspar, ball clay, glass, bone ash, steatite, quartz, petuntse and alabaster.
For more details on these formulations, see soft-paste porcelain and hard-paste porcelain.
The clays used are often described as being long or short, depending on their plasticity. Long clays are cohesive (sticky) and have high plasticity; short clays are less cohesive and have lower plasticity. In soil mechanics, plasticity is determined by measuring the increase in content of water required to change a clay from a solid state bordering on the plastic, to a plastic state bordering on the liquid, though the term is also used less formally to describe the facility with which a clay may be worked. Clays used for porcelain are generally of lower plasticity and are shorter than many other pottery clays. They wet very quickly, meaning that small changes in the content of water can produce large changes in workability. Thus, the range of water content within which these clays can be worked is very narrow and the loss or gain of water during storage and throwing or forming must be carefully controlled to keep the clay from becoming too wet or too dry to manipulate.

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Introduction of Cholic Acid

Cholic acid is a bile acid, a white crystalline substance insoluble in water (soluble in alcohol and acetic acid), with a melting point of 200-201 °C. Salts of cholic acid are called cholates. Cholic acid, along with chenodeoxycholic acid, is one of two major bile acids produced by the liver where it is synthesized from cholesterol. Of the two major bile acids, cholate derivatives represent approximately eighty percent of all bile acids. These derivatives are made from cholyl-CoA, which forms a conjugate with either glycine, or taurine, yielding glycocholic and taurocholic acid respectively.
Cholic acidCholic acid downregulates cholesterol-7-α-hydroxylase (rate-limiting step in bile acid synthesis), and cholesterol does the opposite. This is why chenodeoxycholic acid, and not cholic acid, can be used to treat gallstones (because decreasing bile acid synthesis would supersaturate the stones even more).
Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid are the most important human bile acids. Some other mammals synthesize predominantly deoxycholic acid.

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Survival of Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 9843 (299v), and effect on the short-chain fatty acid content of faeces after ingestion of a rose-hip drink with fermented oats

abstract
 In a controlled, randomized double-blind study, 26 healthy adult volunteers consumed for 21 d, 400 ml of a fermented oatmeal drink with rose hips (0.7 g/100 ml) with Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 9843 (RHL; cfu with 5 × 107 ml-1), and 22 volunteers in a second group the same amount of a pure rose-hip drink (RH).

 Significant increases in the total index of faecal concentration of carboxylic acids (p <0.05 at 1 week and P <0.01 after 3 weeks after admission), acetic acid (P <0.01 after 3 weeks after admission) and propionic acid (P <0.01 stopped after 3 weeks of intake and P <0.05 8 days after ingestion) were included in the RHL group, indicating increased fermentation in the colon. In both groups, a significant increase in the concentration of fecal lactic acid (P <0.001 after 1 and 3 weeks after admission) was obtained. There were no changes seen in the concentration of faecal butyrate.

 The number of faecal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli increased significantly in both groups after 3 weeks of use. Sulphite-reducing clostridia rapidly in the group with the product Lb plantarum DSM 9843 after 1 week of taking it, and then in the pure rose-hip group after 3 weeks of use. There were no changes seen in the number of total anaerobes, gram-negative anaerobes or total aerobes during administration.

 Lb plantarum DSM 9843 was recovered in the feces of all volunteers in the RHL group. Median levels were 7.0 (5.0 to 8.8) log10 cfu g-1 after a week of taking it, and 6.7 (5.0 to 8.9) log10 cfu g-1 after 3 weeks. The tribe has not yet been heard from the faeces of five volunteers 8 d after the administration (> 4.8 log10 cfu g-1).

 During the period of ingestion, the volunteers in the RHL group, a significant increase in stool volume, a significant decrease in flatulence and slightly softer stool. Volunteers in the RH group, a slight but significant decrease in stool volume.

Diagnostic Use of Fibrinogen

Fibrinogen levels can be measured in venous blood. Normal levels are about 1.5-2.77 g/L, depending on the method used. In typical circumstances, fibrinogen is measured in citrated plasma samples in the laboratory, however the analysis of whole-blood samples by use of thrombelastometry (platelet function is inhibited with cytochalasin D) is also possible. Higher levels are, amongst others, associated with cardiovascular disease (>3.43 g/L). It may be elevated in any form of inflammation, as it is an acute-phase protein; for example, it is especially apparent in human gingival tissue during the initial phase of periodontal disease.
Fibrinogen from human plasmaIt is used in veterinary medicine as an inflammatory marker: In horses, a level above the normal range of 1.0-4.0 g/L suggests some degree of systemic inflammatory response.
Low levels of fibrinogen can indicate a systemic activation of the clotting system, with consumption of clotting factors faster than synthesis. This excessive clotting factor consumption condition is known as disseminated intravascular coagulation or "DIC." DIC can be difficult to diagnose, but a strong clue is low fibrinogen levels in the setting of prolonged clotting times (PT or aPTT), in the context of acute critical illness such as sepsis or trauma. Besides low fibrinogen level, fibrin polymerization disorders that can be induced by several factors, including plasma expanders, can also lead to severe bleeding problems. Fibrin polymerization disorders can be detected by viscoelastic methods such as thrombelastometry.

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An Invention of Zirconia Ceramic Shaft

Zirconia ceramic shaftAn improved gear micropump  for delivering corrosive materials, particularly photographic materials, such as dyes and emulsions, has a pair of intermeshing gears rotatably mounted on zirconia ceramic shafts. The ceramic shafts of the invention may be formed from zirconia and zirconia composite materials. The gear micropump having the zirconia ceramic shafts  eliminates pulsation during fluid delivery and is resistant to wear and abrasion. Moreover the zirconia ceramic shafts are strongly resistant to chemicals like photographic emulsions and dyes and, therefore, do not contaminate product with corrosive materials.
This invention relates to zirconia and zirconia composite ceramic shafts and a method of making same. The invention particularly concerns such ceramic shafts for gear micropumps useful generally for pumping a variety of corrosive materials including acids and bases as well as photographic emulsions and dyes in the manufacture of photographic films and papers. The tough, durable, wear and corrosion resistant zirconia ceramic shafts improves the pumping efficiency by eliminating pulsation during web coating and also extends the service life.
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Compounds and Chemistry of Molybdenum

Molybdenum is a transition metal with an electronegativity of 2.16 on the Pauling scale and a standard atomic weight of 95.96 g/mol. It does not visibly react with oxygen or water at room temperature, and the bulk oxidation occurs at temperatures above 790 °C, resulting in molybdenum trioxide:
Molybdenum2 Mo + 3 O2 → 2 MoO3
The trioxide is volatile and sublimates at high temperatures. This prevents formation of a continuous protective oxide layer, which would stop the bulk oxidation of metal. Molybdenum has several oxidation states, the most stable being +4 and +6 (bolded in the table). The chemistry and the compounds show more similarity to those of tungsten than that of chromium. An example is the instability of molybdenum(III) and tungsten(III) compounds as compared with the stability of the chromium(III) compounds. The highest oxidation state is common in the molybdenum(VI) oxide (MoO3), whereas the normal sulfur compound is molybdenum disulfide MoS2.
Molybdenum(VI) oxide is soluble in strong alkaline water, forming molybdates (MoO42−). Molybdates are weaker oxidants than chromates, but they show a similar tendency to form complex oxyanions by condensation at lower pH values, such as [Mo7O24]6− and [Mo8O26]4−. Polymolybdates can incorporate other ions into their structure, forming polyoxometalates. The dark-blue phosphorus-containing heteropolymolybdate P[Mo12O40]3− is used for the spectroscopic detection of phosphorus.
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Pharmacology of Meprobamate

Although it was marketed as being safer, meprobamate has most of the pharmacological effects and dangers of the barbiturates (though it is less sedating at effective doses). It is reported to have some anticonvulsant properties against absence seizures, but can exacerbate generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
MeprobamateMeprobamate's mechanism of action is not completely known. It has been shown in animal studies to have effects at multiple sites in the central nervous system, including the thalamus and limbic system. Meprobamate binds to GABAA receptors which interrupts neuronal communication in the reticular formation and spinal cord, causing sedation and altered perception of pain. It has been shown that meprobamate has the ability to activate currents even in the absence of GABA. It is also a potent adenosine reuptake inhibitor (AdoRI).
Related drugs include carisoprodol (a prodrug of meprobamate) and tybamate.

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Pharmacology and Uses ofTetracosactide

Tetracosactide is a synthetic analogue of the naturally occurring adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH).
Tetracosactide AcetateIn the normal situation, ACTH is released from the pituitary gland at the base of the brain. It acts on the adrenal glands to stimulate the production of steroid hormones (glucocorticoids). If the adrenal glands are healthy, a single injection of tetracosactide results in a rise in blood cortisol (hydrocortisone) concentrations in 30 minutes. If the adrenal glands appear not to be working then tetracosactide injection can be given to check whether the problem is due to diseased or damaged adrenals or due to lack of pituitary ACTH.
tetracosactide  is used for diagnostic purposes only (e.g. in short synacthen test). It is suitable for treatment of adrenal insufficiency of central origin. As well as its legitimate medical applications, it has been widely reported that Synacthen has also been used as an illegal performance enhancing drug by professional cyclists. It has been used in the treatment of spasm.

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A Description of Palmitate


Methyl palmitate
Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature, is one of the most common fatty acids found in animals and plants. It is a major component of the oil from palm trees (palm oil, palm kernel oil and coconut oil). However, palmitic acid can also be found in meats, cheeses, butter, and dairy products.
Its molecular formula is CH3(CH2)14CO2H. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from palm trees (palm oil, palm kernel oil, and coconut oil). Palmitate is a term for the salts and esters of palmitic acid. The palmitate anion is the observed form of palmitic acid at basic pH.
Palmitic acid has been shown to kill the beta cells in the pancreas that are responsible for the secretion of insulin, and to suppress the body's natural appetite-suppressing signals from leptin and insulin -- the key hormones involved in weight regulation.
Aluminum salts of palmitic acid and naphthenic acid were combined during World War II to produce napalm (aluminum naphthenate and aluminum palmitate). The word "napalm" is derived from the words naphthenic acid and palmitic acid.

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Friday, March 30, 2012

Occurrence of Cadmium

CadmiumCadmium makes up about 0.1 ppm  of the Earth's crust. Compared with the more abundant 65 ppm zinc, cadmium is rare. No significant deposits of cadmium-containing ores are known. Greenockite (CdS), the only cadmium mineral of importance, is nearly always associated with sphalerite (ZnS). This association is caused by the geochemical similarity between zinc and cadmium which makes geological separation unlikely. As a consequence, cadmium is produced mainly as a byproduct from mining, smelting, and refining sulfidic ores of zinc, and, to a lesser degree, lead and copper. Small amounts of cadmium, about 10% of consumption, are produced from secondary sources, mainly from dust generated by recycling iron and steel scrap. Production in the United States began in 1907, but it was not until after World War I that cadmium came into wide use. One place where metallic cadmium can be found is the Vilyuy River basin in Siberia.
Rocks mined to produce phosphate fertilizers contain varying amounts of cadmium, leading to a cadmium concentration of up to 300 mg/kg in the produced phosphate fertilizers and thus in the high cadmium content in agricultural soils. Coal can contain significant amounts of cadmium, which ends up mostly in the flue dust.
Combined global cadmium reserves are estimated at slightly above 630,000 metric tons. China, India and Australia have the largest deposits which total to almost 285,000 metric tons.

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What Is DBH (Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase)?

Dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) is an enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine.
Anti-DBH (Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase)Dopamine
DBH is a 290 kDa copper-containing oxygenase consisting of four identical subunits, and its activity requires ascorbate as a cofactor. It is the only enzyme involved in the synthesis of small-molecule neurotransmitters that is membrane-bound, making norepinephrine the only transmitter synthesized inside vesicles. It is expressed in noradrenergic nerve terminals of the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as in chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.
DBH is inhibited by disulfiram, tropolone, and, most selectively, by nepicastat.
Dopamine beta hydroxylase deficiency is a condition involving inadequate Dopamine beta hydroxylase.

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Physiological Effects of Testosterone

In general, androgens promote protein synthesis and growth of those tissues with androgen receptors. Testosterone effects can be classified as virilizing and anabolic, though the distinction is somewhat artificial, as many of the effects can be considered both. Testosterone is anabolic, meaning it builds up bone and muscle mass.
Testosterone IsobutyrateAnabolic effects include growth of muscle mass and strength, increased bone density and strength, and stimulation of linear growth and bone maturation.
Androgenic effects include maturation of the sex organs, particularly the penis and the formation of the scrotum in the fetus, and after birth (usually at puberty) a deepening of the voice, growth of the beard and axillary hair. Many of these fall into the category of male secondary sex characteristics.
Testosterone effects can also be classified by the age of usual occurrence. For postnatal effects in both males and females, these are mostly dependent on the levels and duration of circulating free testosterone.

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A Wide Range of Applications of Sorbitol

Sorbitol is a sugar substitute. It may be listed under the inactive ingredients listed for some foods and products. Sorbitol is referred to as a nutritive sweetener because it provides dietary energy: 2.6 kilocalories (11 kilojoules) per gram versus the average 4 kilocalories (17 kilojoules) for carbohydrates. It is often used in diet foods (including diet drinks and ice cream), mints, cough syrups, and sugar-free chewing gum. It also occurs naturally in many stone fruits and berries from trees of the genus Sorbus.
Sorbitol Liquid and PowderSorbitol can be used as a non-stimulant laxative via an oral suspension or enema. As with other sugar alcohols, gastroitestinal distress may result when food products that contain sorbitol are consumed. Sorbitol exerts its laxative effect by drawing water into the large intestine, thereby stimulating bowel movements. Sorbitol has been determined safe for use by the elderly, although it is not recommended without consultation with a clinician. Sorbitol is found in some dried fruits and may contribute to the laxative effects of prunes.
Sorbitol is used in bacterial culture media to distinguish the pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 from most other strains of E. coli, as it is usually incapable of fermenting sorbitol, but 93% of known E. coli strains are capable of doing so. Sorbitol, combined with kayexalate, helps the body rid itself of excess potassium ions in a hyperkalaemic state. The kayexalate exchanges sodium ions for potassium ions in the bowel, while sorbitol helps to eliminate it. The FDA has discouraged this combination when in 2010 it issued a warning of increased risk for GI necrosis.
Sorbitol often is used in modern cosmetics as a humectant and thickener.[citation needed] Sorbitol often is used in mouthwash and toothpaste. Some transparent gels can be made only with sorbitol, as it has a refractive index sufficiently high for transparent formulations. It is also used frequently in almost all "sugar free" chewing gum.
Sorbitol is used as a cryoprotectant additive (mixed with sucrose and sodium polyphosphates) in the manufacture of surimi, a highly refined fish paste most commonly produced from Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma).[citation needed] It is also used as a humectant in some cigarettes. Sorbitol sometimes is used as a sweetener and humectant in cookies and other foods that are not identified as "dietary" items.


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Some Information of Lithium Fluoride

Lithium fluoride is the material with the most extreme UV transmission of all and is used for special UV optics. Lithium fluoride transmits well into the VUV region at the hydrogen Lyman-alpha line (121nm) and beyond. Lithium fluoride is also used for X-ray monochromator plates where its lattice spacing makes it the most useful analysis crystal.
Lithium fluorideMolecularformula:  FLi
 CAS No.:  7789-24-4
 Molecularweight:  25.94
Execute standard: National standard/GB
Apperance : white powder or transparent crystals,non-hygroscopic
 Melting point: 845 °C, 1118 K, 1553 °F
 Boiling point: 1676 °C, 1949 K, 3049 °F
Lithium Fluoride is grown by vacuum Stockbarger technique in ingots approximately 100mm diameter. Lithium Fluoride cleaves easily and must be worked with extreme care. Polishing, particularly steep radii, often causes surface "rip-out".


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Brief Description of Sodium Deoxycholate

Sodium deoxycholateIn nature, sodium deoxycholate, which is referred to as a "secondary bile acid", is produced in the intestine from the salts of glycocholic and taurocholic acid (see cholic acid) by the action of bacterial enzymes. Less than half of the sodium deoxycholate is reabsorbed by the intestine and is returned the liver where it is conjugated and released into the gall bladder.
Sodium deoxycholate is extracted from cattle bile(also known as "bovine bile" or "ox bile"), which is a by-product of the meat processing industry, in a high temperature alkaline process.
Historically sodium deoxycholate was used as an intermediate for the production of corticosteroids, which have anti-inflammatory indications. It is used in the preparation and formulation of certain microbiological diagnostic media. Another use of sodium deoxycholate in research laboratories is as a biological detergent to lyse cells and solubilise cellular and membrane components.
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Details of Kollicoat EMM 30 D

Kollicoat EMM 30 DKollicoat EMM is a soft polymer, which makes the use of a plasticizer unnecessary. The product iss very fexible, extensible .Cores containing substances that are water-sensitive or incompatible with thesustained release coating should  be given a subcoating. A coating weight 0.2–2.0 mg/cm2is required, depending on the polymer used. A subcoating of organic solution is recommended or water-sensitive active ingredients.
Kollicoat EMM 30 D is a polymer with relatively high tack. Auxiliary agents arenecessary to reduce the tack and to improve processing when it is processed asa coating.Previously, talc was generally used or this purpose. More recent studies haveshown that the use one microcrystalline cellulose or hydroxypropyl methylcellu-lose can greatly reduce the tack. At the same time, the inlet air temperature andthe spraying rate can be increased, which makes it possible to noticeably accel-erate the coating process. At the same time, these substances have the advan-tage that they can also act as a pore-forming agent and give stable release char-acteristics throughout the storage time.

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What Is Matt Hardener R 68?



Matt Hardener R 68
Matt Hardener R68 (Like Degussa VESTAGON B68 Matt Hardener) is  an Epoxy Resin Hardener /Epoxy Resin Curing Agent. It is used as hardener for epoxy resin , hybrid powder coatings to achieve coatings with matt surface having excellent mechanic quality and wonderful appearance.
feafures of Matt Hardener R 68: 1.Appearance:White or light yellowish powder
2.Melting range:210-230˚C
3.Purity:≥99%
Hardener is a substance or mixture added to a plastic composition to take part in and promote or control the curing action, Also a substance added to control the degree of hardness of the cured film.

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Something One Needs To know Before Using Human Albumin


Some medical conditions may interact with Albumin (Human). If you have any medical conditions, wou should tell your doctor or pharmacist, especially if any of the following apply to you:
Human Albuminif you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding
if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement
if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances
Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Albumin (Human). However, no specific interactions with Albumin (Human) are known at this time.
This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Please ask your health care provider if Albumin (Human) may interact with other medicines that you take. In addition, you should check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine

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Health Problem of (R)-(+)-N-Benzyl-1-Phenylethylamine

(R)-(+)-N-Benzyl-1-phenylethylamine(R)-(+)-N-Benzyl-1-phenylethylamine has some side-effects, ie may cause skin irritation and may cause serious eye irritation. 
Health Effects of (R)-(+)-N-Benzyl-1-phenylethylamine:
 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. IF ON SKIN: Gently wash with plenty of soap and water.
If skin irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention. Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention. Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse. 

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Properties of 2-Chloro-4-Methoxypyridine

 2-Chloro-4-methoxypyridine is a light yellow to pale white crystalline powder. It is most commonly used as intermediates of medicine and pesticides. 2-Chloro-4-methoxypyridine need to be stored at room temperature.
2-Chloro-4-methoxypyridine
CAS:17228-69-2
Molecular Formula:C6H6ClNO
Formula Weight:143.57
Description:
Boiling point:224-225 ºC
Flash Point:83.1°C
Density:1.258 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)

Deoxyribonucleic Acid Homology Studies of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei

abstract
  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA hybridizations were carried out strains of Lactobacillus casei. Our results show that this type represents the time, is genomically very heterogeneous. Most strains, L. casei subsp. casei, together with members of L. casei subsp. alactosus, L. casei subsp. pseudoplantarum, and L. casei subsp. tolerans showed a high degree of DNA relatedness to each other but were different from the strain of L. casei subsp. casei. Strains of L. casei subsp. rhamnosus also formed a homogeneous group of genomically unrelated to all other members of the L. casei subspecies examined. Based on the present and previous findings, we propose that members of L. casei subsp. alactosus, L. casei subsp. pseudoplantarum, and L. casei subsp. tolerans and the majority of L. casei subsp. casei strains are given their own kind of status, for which we propose the name L. paracasei sp. November, L. paracasei subsp. paracasei (strain NCDO 151) and L. paracasei subsp. tolerans (type strain ATCC 25 599). We also suggest that L. casei subsp. rhamnosus be elevated to species status as L. rhamnosus sp. November (type strain, ATCC 7469).

Little Information of 2,4-Dichloro-5-Nitropyridine


Properties of 2,4-dichloro-5-nitropyridine :
2,4-dichloro-5-nitropyridine
Purity: 97.0%
Appearance of 2,4-dichloro-5-nitropyridine : pale yellow solid
Use:Serve as medicine intermediate.
Storage:Store at room temperature.
Synonyms:Pyridine,2,4-dichloro-5-nitro-
CAS:         4487-56-3
Molecular Formula:C5H2Cl2N2O2
Formula Weight:192.99

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Features of 4-Methoxy-N-(perfluorobenzylidene)Benzenamine

4-Methoxy-N-(perfluorobenzylidene)benzenamineBenzenamine, N-phenyl-, Reaction Products with Styrene and 2,4,4-Trimethylpentene, also known as BNST, is an industrial chemical.
Benzenamine in a hydrogen atom, the amino substituted compounds generated. The formula C6H5NH2. Is an aromatic amine. Benzenamine is colorless, oily liquid. Melting point of -6.3 ° C, boiling point 184 ° C, the relative density of 1.02 (20/4 ° C), relative molecular weight of 93.128, heated to 370 decomposition. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether and other organic solvents. Exposed to air or sunlight has turned brown. Available steam distillation, distillation, a small amount of zinc powder to oxidation. Benzenamine purified by adding 10 ~ 15ppm of NaBH4 to the oxidation deterioration.

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History of Chymotrypsin

ChymotrypsinIn the early 1900s, Vernon proposed that pancreatic preparations could give rise to an intrinsic activator of its own enzymes (Vernon 1901). Vernon’s milk-clotting experiments determined there were at least two enzymes present and that one was more stable than the other (Vernon 1902). However, this idea was not widely accepted until 1934 when Kunitz and Northrop confirmed the presence of an enzyme in addition to trypsin, naming it chymotrypsin. They were able to crystallize chymotrypsin, as well as the inactive precursor, chymotrypsinogen (Kunitz and Northrop 1934). In 1938, Kunitz isolated different active forms of chymotrypsin, designating them as alpha, beta, and gamma (Kunitz 1938).
In the early 1940s Fruton and Bergmann further studied the specificity of chymotrypsin, reporting on several new substrates (Fruton and Bergmann 1942). Jacobsen soon identified additional forms of chymotrypsin, designating them as delta and pi (Jacobsen 1947). In 1948, Schwert further characterized the molecular weights of chymotrypsin and chymotrypsinogen.
In 1954, the first evidence for the three-step mechanism of chymotrypsin hydrolyzing amide and ester substrates was reported on by Hartley and Kilby, who hypothesized the presence of an acyl enzyme intermediate, which was later proven to be true (Henderson 1970).  In 1955, Laskowski obtained a second crystalline chymotrypsinogen, naming it chymotrypsinogen B. In 1964 Hartley determined the amino acid sequence of chymotrypsin A, which was later refined by Meloun et al. in 1966. In 1968, Smillie et al. determined the amino acid sequence of chymotrypsin B, which revealed 80% sequence identity with chymotrypsin A. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s research was done to better understand the mechanism of action, and identify the differences in amino acid sequences between trypsin and chymotrypsin (Steitz et al. 1969, Cohen et al. 1981, Asbóth and Polgár 1983, and Gráf et al. 1988).
In the 1990s, chymotrypsin was purified from other sources including Atlantic cod (Ásgeirsson and Bjarnason 1991), and camel (Al-Ajlan and Bailey 1997). Work also begun on investigating inhibitors (Baek et al. 1990), and Frigerio et al. elucidated the crystal structure of bovine chymotrypsin to a 2.0 Å resolution.
Recent research has investigated the folding and denaturation of chymotrypsin over a range of concentrations (Ghaouar et al. 2010), chymotrypsin’s interaction with nanoparticle substrates (You et al. 2006, and Jordan et al. 2009), and increasing chymotrypsin stability by conjugating to PEG molecules.

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Basic Description of Intramuscular

Human Immunoglobulin, Intramuscular
Intramuscular (or IM) injection is the injection of a substance directly into a muscle. In medicine, it is one of several alternative methods for the administration of medications (see route of administration). It is used for particular forms of medication that are administered in small amounts. Depending on the chemical properties of the drug, the medication may either be absorbed fairly quickly or more gradually. Intramuscular injections are often given in the deltoid, vastus lateralis muscles and the ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal areas.
Specification of Intramuscular is 300mg(10% 3ml)/150mg(10% 1.5ml).




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Properties of 325 Mesh Barium Sulate

325 mesh Barium Sulate
325 Mesh Barium Sulate is a type of white powder.
Properties of 325 Mesh Barium Sulate:
Average particle size: 400.5m             Moisture: Max0.2%
#400 Sieve Reside: 1%max                                                 Whiteness: 93min
Oil Absorption: 14-18%                                                      Soluble in Water: 0.2%max
PH Value: 7.5-9.5                                                               BaSO4 Purity: 97%min                       
HCL Insoluble Matter: 96.5%min                                        True Specific Gravity: 4.3G/cm3
2.15000 mesh                                                                     Average particle size 0.3um
Moisture 0.2%max                                                              #400 Sieve Reside 0
Whiteness 98                                                                      Oil Absorption 16%
Soluble in Water 0.2%max                                                  PH Value 7.5-9.5
BaSO4 Purity 97%min                                                        HCL Insoluble Matter 98.5%min
True Specific Gravity 4.3G/cm3                        

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Traits of Kollicoat SR 30 D

Kollicoat SR 30 D  Kollicoat SR 30 D is miscible with water in any ratio while retaining its milky-white appearance. Mixing the product with ethanol or isopropyl alcohol in a 1 : 5 ratio produces a slightly turbid and somewhat viscous solution; a solution in acetone is more turbid. When organic solvents are added, the polymer precipitates at first, but then dissolves when urther solvent is added. Kollicoat SR 30 D is insoluble in dilute alkaline or acidic solutions.
Kollicoat SR 30 D is used mainly for the manufacture of sustained-release dosage
 forms. Very effective control of drug release is achieved by coating pellets, granules
 and crystals.


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Thursday, March 29, 2012

Properties of Sodium Cholate

Sodium cholateSodium Cholate also can be called Sodium cholic acid; cholate or sodium salt.
Sodium Cholate  is an ionic detergent that is especially useful for liposome preparation and lipid isolation.
Sodium cholate (cholic acid) is a water-soluble, bile-acid commonly used in protein methods such as cell lysis, liposome preparation, isolation of membrane proteins and lipids, preventing nonspecific binding in affinity chromatography and as a cell culture media supplement.
Properties of Sodium Cholate:
 Chemical Name: 3, 7, 12-Trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid, monosodium salt
Molecular Weight: 430.6g
Detergent Class: Ionic (anionic)
Aggregation Number: 2 to 4 (average)
Micelle Molecular Weight: 900g (average)
Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC): 9 to 14mM (0.388 to 0.603% w/v)
Dialyzable: Yes
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Brief Information of Nickel Fluoride

Nickel fluorideNickel(II) fluoride is the chemical compound with the formula NiF2. Unlike many fluorides, NiF2 is stable in air. NiF2 comprises the passivating surface that forms on nickel alloys, e.g. monel, which is why such materials are good to store or transport hydrogen fluoride or elemental fluorine. Nickel is one of the few materials that can be used to store fluorine because it forms this coating. It is also used as a catalyst for the synthesis of chlorine pentafluoride.
NiF2 is prepared by treatment of anhydrous nickel(II) chloride with fluorine at 350 °C.
Specifications:
Molecularformula: NiF2CAS No.: 10028-18-9
Molecularweight: 96.69
Execute standard: National standard/GB
Apperance: yellow solid
Melting point: 1370 °C
Boiling point: 1750 °C


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Information of Spray Dried Fruit Powders

Spray Dried Fruit Powders
Spray dried fruit powder is the fruit powder which is produced from REAL FRUIT PUREE by using Spray Dryer machine. The spray dried powder can 100% dissolve in water.
 Spray dried fruit powder can be easily melt in water to become the form of fruit puree and all the texture, smell, freshness and taste of the puree is still exactly just like the same as the puree before spray drying process.
Some parts of the fruit can not be eaten but they contain a lot of very useful subtances. people can use these substances by extracting it out of the fruits first, and then can use spray dryer to make it in the form of Extract powder.
 Right nowSpray dried fruit powder  is the super quick method in add more value to your product by adding these useful extract powder. Spray dried fruit powder can be also used in various kind of industries such as food supplements industry, bakery industry, food and beverage industry.

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Details of Clostebol Acetate

Clostebol acetateClostebol acetic acid is a mild anabolic steroids, with a low androgen effects and moderate assimilation. It is mainly used in the production of cattle, but its use has been prohibited by many countries, although this is not any health issues related to animals because of their drug treatment. The results produced in treated livestock, as well as some research indicating the use of the drug being suitable for some therapeutic treatments in humans , has sparked some interest in strength athletes and bodybuilders about the compound.
For is the most the part clostebol acetate is moderate because of its low androgens and anabolic nature of assimilation. It does not appear to be able to huge gains in strength and / or muscle mass, and many other drugs, the chemical composition. But it also does not exhibit the potential to produce severe androgenic or estrogenic side effects in users either. The lack of estrogenic side effects is a result of the lack of the ability of the compound to aromatize due to a 4-chloro substitution in the A ring of the compound . This alteration itself negates any possibility of estrogenic side effects from appearing in male users for the most part.
Clostebol acetate appears in several versions. Injectable, oral and even topical creams have all been produced. However, only the oral and injectable versions of the drug would be suitable for the purposes of strength athletes and bodybuilders. The topical creams and ointments that are produced currently simply do not have the potency to be effective in attempting to gain muscle and strength.
Oral clostebol acetate version is not like most other oral steroids 17 alpha alkylation. This means that drug-related liver toxicity is far lower than other steroids. But this also means that the amount of the drug that actually clears the system of the user and becomes active in the body is at a relatively low ratio to the amount that is administered. For this reason larger doses of the oral version of the drug must be ingested in comparison to the injectable.
The clostebol acetate injectable, as it name suggests, utilizes the acetate ester to help slow absorption of the drug into the blood stream. This ester has only two carbon atoms and is the quickest of the esters that is used commonly in the production of anabolic steroids. For this reason frequent injections are required when administering clostebol acetate or any drug that uses the acetate ester.
For the most part, the gains in strength and muscle size that the user will experience while using clostebol acetate will be moderate. It is not an overly powerful drug and as such will not produce overly dramatic gains. However with this comes the benefit that it is a relatively safe drug for use, including for women. When combined with other anabolic compounds many users will find that it will provide quality gains in lean mass while not causing estrogenic side effects such as excessive water retention or severe androgenic side effects.

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