Medical Uses of Risperidone

Risperidone is used for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and behavior problems in people with autism. In autism, however, it does not improve conversational ability or social skills, and does not appear to reduce obsessive behavior in most autistic people.

Due to its strong serotonin, dopaminergic, and adrenergic antagonism, risperidone was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1993 for the treatment of schizophrenia. On August 22, 2007, risperidone was approved as the only drug agent available for treatment of schizophrenia in youths, ages 13–17; it was also approved that same day for treatment of bipolar disorder in youths and children ,ages 10–17, joining lithium. Risperidone contains the functional groups of benzisoxazole and piperidine as part of its molecular structure. In 2003, the FDA approved risperidone for the short-term treatment of the mixed and manic states associated with bipolar disorder. In 2006, the FDA approved risperidone for the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autism. The FDA's decision was based in part on a study of autistic people with severe and enduring problems of violent meltdowns, aggression, and self-injury; risperidone is not recommended for autistic people with mild aggression and explosive behavior without an enduring pattern. Like other atypical antipsychotics, risperidone has also been used off-label for the treatment of anxiety disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, severe, treatment-resistant depression with or without psychotic features, Tourette syndrome, disruptive behavior disorders in children, and eating disorders, among others. In two small studies, risperidone was reported to successfully treat the symptoms of phencyclidine psychosis due to acute intoxication and chronic use.

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Sumatriptan's Mode of Action

Sumatriptan is a synthetic drug belonging to the triptan class, used for the treatment of migraine headaches. Structurally, it is an analog of the naturally-occurring neuro-active alkaloids dimethyltryptamine (DMT), bufotenine, and 5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine, with an N-methyl sulfonamidomethyl- group at position C-5 on the indole ring.

Sumatriptan is structurally similar to serotonin (5HT), and is a 5-HT (types 5-HT1D and 5-HT1B) agonist. The specific receptor subtypes it activates are present on the cranial arteries and veins. Acting as an agonist at these receptors, sumatriptan reduces the vascular inflammation associated with migraine.

The specific receptor subtype it activates is present in the cranial and basilar arteries. Activation of these receptors causes vasoconstriction of those dilated arteries. Sumatriptan is also shown to decrease the activity of the trigeminal nerve, which, it is presumed, accounts for sumatriptan's efficacy in treating cluster headaches. The injectable form of the drug has been shown to abort a cluster headache within fifteen minutes in 96% of cases.
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Indications of Zolmitriptan

Zolmitriptan is a selective serotonin receptor agonist of the 1B and 1D subtypes. It is a triptan, used in the acute treatment of migraine attacks with or without aura and cluster headaches.

Zolmitriptan is marketed by AstraZeneca with the brand names Zomig, Zomigon (Argentina, Canada & Greece), AscoTop (Germany) and Zomigoro (France). In 2008, Zomig generated nearly $154 million in sales.

Zolmitriptan is used for the acute treatment of migraines with or without aura in adults. Zolmitriptan is not intended for the prophylactic therapy of migraine or for use in the management of hemiplegic or basilar migraine.

Zolmitriptan is available as a swallowable tablet, an oral disintegrating tablet, and a nasal spray, in doses of 2.5 and 5 mg. People who get migraines from aspartame should not use the disintegrating tablet (Zomig ZMT), which contains aspartame.
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Endogenous Effects of Ursodeoxycholic Acid

Ursodiol, also known as ursodeoxycholic acid and the abbreviation UDCA, is one of the secondary bile acids, which are metabolic byproducts of intestinal bacteria.

Primary bile acids are produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder. When secreted into the intestine, primary bile acids can be metabolized into secondary bile acids by intestinal bacteria. Primary and secondary bile acids help the body digest fats. Ursodeoxycholic acid helps regulate cholesterol by reducing the rate at which the intestine absorbs cholesterol molecules while breaking up micelles containing cholesterol. Because of this property, ursodeoxycholic acid is used to treat (cholesterol) gallstones non-surgically.

While some bile acids are known to be colon tumor promoters (e.g. deoxycholic acid), others such as ursodeoxycholic acid are thought to be chemopreventive, perhaps by inducing cellular differentiation and/or cellular senescence in colon epithelial cells.

It is believed to inhibit apoptosis.

Ursodeoxycholic acid has also been shown experimentally to suppress immune response such as immune cell phagocytosis. Prolonged exposure and/or increased quantities of systemic (throughout the body, not just in the digestive system) ursodeoxycholic acid can be toxic.

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Forms of Loratadine

Loratadine (INN) is a second-generation H1 histamine antagonist drug used to treat allergies. Structurally, it is closely related to tricyclic antidepressants, such as imipramine, and is distantly related to the atypical antipsychotic quetiapine.

Loratadine is marketed by Schering-Plough under several trade names (e.g., Claritin) and also by Shionogi in Japan. It is available as a generic drug and is marketed for its non-sedating properties. In a version named Claritin-D or Clarinase, it is combined with pseudoephedrine, a decongestant; this makes it useful for colds as well as allergies but adds potential side-effects of insomnia, anxiety, and nervousness.

Loratadine is available as tablets, oral suspension, and syrup, and also in combination with pseudoephedrine. Also available are quick-dissolving tablets, which are marketed as being faster to get into one's circulatory system but require special handling to avoid degrading in the package.

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Introduction of Albuterol Sulfate

Salbutamol (INN) or albuterol (USAN) is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist used for the relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is marketed as Ventolin among other brand names.

Salbutamol was the first selective β2-receptor agonist to be marketed — in 1968. It was first sold by Allen & Hanburys under the brand name Ventolin. The drug was an instant success, and has been used for the treatment of asthma ever since.

Albuterol sulfate is usually given by the inhaled route for direct effect on bronchial smooth muscle. This is usually achieved through a metered dose inhaler (MDI), nebulizer or other proprietary delivery devices (e.g. Rotahaler or Autohaler). In these forms of delivery, the maximal effect of salbutamol can take place within five to twenty minutes of dosing, though some relief is immediately seen. Albuterol sulfate can also be given orally as an inhalant or intravenously.



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General Knowledge of Prazosin Hydrochloride

Item name: Prazosin hydrochloride

Cas: 19237-84-4

Molecular Formula: C19H22ClN5O4

Molecular weight:419.86 g/mol

Item Application: Prazosin hydrochloride is a white or almost white crystalline powder. It is a vasodilator drug and it is can be used to treat mild to severe essential hypertension or renal hypertension.

Prazosinhydrochloride, USP is a white to tan powder, slightly soluble in water and methanol, very slightly soluble in alcohol, practically insoluble in chloroform and acetone and has a molecular weight of 419.87. Its molecular formula is C19H21N5O4·HC1. Each capsule, for oral administration, contains prazosin hydrochloride equivalent (as the polyhydrate) to 1 mg, 2 mg or 5 mg of prazosin.

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What Is Erythromycin Stearate?

Erythromycin stearate is used as an alternative medication in patients allergic to penicillin: to treat the following infections, Hemolytic streptococcus, acute tonsillitis, acute pharyngitis, sinusitis caused by  streptococcus pneumoniae,scarlet fever, cellulitis, diphtheria and diphtheria carriers caused by hemolytic streptococcus,gas gangrene, anthrax, tetanus, actinomycosis; syphilis, listeriosis.

Item name: Erythromycin stearate
Cas: 211-396-1
Molecular Formula: C37H67NO13.C18H36O2
Molecular weight: 1018.40 g/mol

Erythromycin stearate is what is known as a macrolide antibiotic, and as such, it is frequently prescribed for some common bacterial infections. Applications are varied, and can include strep throat, middle ear infections, inflammation of the urethra, rheumatic fever and different types of skin infections. In some cases, it can also be used to treat pneumonia, as long as the root cause of the illness is bacteria. In addition to being used to cure a case of rheumatic fever, it can also be administered to prevent relapses.

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Loperamide’s Medical Uses

Loperamide, a synthetic piperidine derivative, is an opioid drug used against diarrhea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease. In most countries it is available generically and under brand names such as Lopex, Imodium, Dimor, Fortasec, and Pepto Diarrhea Control. It was developed at Janssen Pharmaceutica.

Item name:Loperamide

Cas:53179-11-6

Molecular Formula:C29H33ClN2O2

Molecular weight:477.037 g/mol

Loperamide is effective for the treatment of a number of types of diarrhea.

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Collagen’s History and Background

The molecular and packing structures of collagen have eluded scientists over decades of research. The first evidence that it possesses a regular structure at the molecular level was presented in the mid-1930s. Since that time, many prominent scholars, including Nobel laureates Crick, Pauling, Rich and Yonath, and others, including Brodsky, Berman, and Ramachandran, concentrated on the conformation of the collagen monomer. Several competing models, although correctly dealing with the conformation of each individual peptide chain, gave way to the triple-helical "Madras" model, which provided an essentially correct model of the molecule's quaternary structure although this model still required some refinement. The packing structure of collagen has not been defined to the same degree outside of the fibrillar collagen types, although it has been long known to be hexagonal ...or quasi-hexagonal. As with its monomeric structure, several conflicting models alleged that either the packing arrangement of collagen molecules is 'sheet-like' or microfibrillar. The microfibrillar structure of collagen fibrils in tendon, cornea and cartilage has been directly imaged by electron microscopy. In 2006, the microfibrillar structure of adult tendon, as described by Fraser, Miller, and Wess (amongst others), was confirmed as being closest to the observed structure, although it oversimplified the topological progression of neighboring collagen molecules, and hence did not predict the correct conformation of the discontinuous D-periodic pentameric arrangement termed simply: the microfibril. Various cross linking agents like dopaquinone, embelin, potassium embelate and 5-O-methyl embelin could be developed as potential cross-linking/stabilization agent of collagen preparation and its application as wound dressing sheet in clinical applications is enhanced.

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What Is Phosphatidyl Cholines?

Phosphatidylcholines (PC) are a class of phospholipids that incorporate choline as a headgroup. They are a major component of biological membranes and can be easily obtained from a variety of readily available sources such as egg yolk or soy beans from which they are mechanically extracted or chemically extracted using hexane. They are also a member of the lecithin group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues.

The name "lecithin" was originally defined from the Greek lekithos (λεκιθος, egg yolk) by Theodore Nicolas Gobley, a French chemist and pharmacist of the mid-19th century, who applied it to the egg yolk phosphatidylcholine that he identified in 1847 and finally completely described from a chemical structural point of view in 1874. Phosphatidylcholines are such a major component of lecithin that in some contexts the terms are sometimes used as synonyms. However, lecithin extract consists of a mixture of phosphatidylcholine and other compounds. It is also used along with sodium taurocholate for simulating fed- and fasted-state biorelevant media in dissolution studies of highly-lipophilic drugs.

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Introduction of Phosphatidylserine

Item name:Phosphatidylserine

Cas:8002-43-5
Molecular Formula:C13H24NO10P
Molecular weight:385.304 g/mol

Phosphatidylserine (abbreviated Ptd-L-Ser or PS) is a phospholipid component, usually kept on the inner-leaflet (the cytosolic side) of cell membranes by an enzyme called flippase. When a cell undergoes apoptosis, phosphatidylserine is no longer restricted to the cytosolic part of the membrane, but becomes exposed on the surface of the cell.

Phosphatidylserine (abbreviated Ptd-L-Ser or PS) is a phospholipid component, usually kept on the inner-leaflet, the cytosolic side, of cell membranes by an enzyme called flippase. Annexin-A5 is a naturally-occurring protein with avid binding affinity for PS.

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Clemastine Fumarate's Indications

Item name: Clemastine Fumarate

Cas: 14976-57-9
Molecular Formula: C21H26ClNO·C4H4O4
Molecular weight: 459.97 g/mol
Item Application: Clemastine fumarate can be used to treat allergic rhinitis, urticaria, eczema, allergic purpura and other allergic skin diseases.Clemastine Fumarate also can be used for treating bronchial asthma.

Clemastine fumarate can release these symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis or other upper respiratory allergies, such as sneezing, rhinorrhea, pruritus, and lacrimation. And it can also used for relief of mild, uncomplicated allergic skin manifestation of urticaria and angioedema.

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Simple Introduction of Pancreatin

Item name: Pancreatin

Cas: 8049-47-6

Pancreatin is a mixture of several digestive enzymes produced by the exocrine cells of the pancreas. It is composed of amylase, lipase and protease. This mixture is used to treat conditions in which pancreatic secretions are deficient, such as surgical pancreatectomy, pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis. It has been claimed to help with food allergies, celiac disease, autoimmune disease, cancer and weight loss. Pancreatin is sometimes called "pancreatic acid", although it is neither a single chemical substance nor an acid.

Some contact lens cleaning solutions contain porcine pancreatin extractives to assist in the intended protein-removal process.


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Knowledge About PVP K90

Item name:PVP K90

Specification:20Kg
Cas:9003-39-8

PVP is soluble in water and other polar solvents. When dry it is a light flaky powder, which readily absorbs up to 40% of its weight in atmospheric water. In solution, it has excellent wetting properties and readily forms films. This makes it good as a coating or an additive to coatings. PVP is a branched polymer, meaning its structure is more complicated than linear polymer, though it too lies in a two-dimensional plane.

In general, composition of polymers are made up of many simple molecules that are repeating structural units called monomers. A single polymer molecule may consist of hundreds to a million monomers and may have a linear, branched, or network structure. Covalent bonds hold the atoms in the polymer molecules together and secondary bonds then hold groups of polymer chains together to form the polymeric material. Copolymers are polymers composed of two or more different types of monomers.

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Properties of PVP

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), also commonly called Polyvidone or Povidone, is a water-soluble polymer made from the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone.

PVP is soluble in water and other polar solvents. When dry it is a light flaky powder, which readily absorbs up to 40% of its weight in atmospheric water. In solution, it has excellent wetting properties and readily forms films. This makes it good as a coating or an additive to coatings. PVP is a branched polymer, meaning its structure is more complicated than linear polymer, though it too lies in a two-dimensional plane.

In general, composition of polymers are made up of many simple molecules that are repeating structural units called monomers. A single polymer molecule may consist of hundreds to a million monomers and may have a linear, branched, or network structure. Covalent bonds hold the atoms in the polymer molecules together and secondary bonds then hold groups of polymer chains together to form the polymeric material. Copolymers are polymers composed of two or more different types of monomers.

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Basic Explanation of Kollidon 12PF

Kollidon 12 PF meets the requirements of the current harmonised monographs for povidone in Ph. Eur. and USP/NF. Its main application is intended for use as solubilising agents, dispersants and crystallisation inhibitors particularly for parenterals. Kollidon 12 PF and Kollidon 17 PF are tested for bacterial endotoxins by Method 2.6.14 in the 4th edition of the European Pharmacopoeia. A 6% solution of Kollidon in isotonic sodium chloride solution is tested. Kollidon 12 PF and Kollidon 17 PF: 50-kg PE drums with PE inliner. Kollidon 12 PF and 17 PF are tested for absence of pyrogens according to Ph.Eur. 3 Method 2.6.8 in rabbits. 10 ml/kg body weight of a 4% solution of Kollidon in 0.9% sodium chloride solution is injected.

A 20% aqueous solution of Kollidon 12 PF shows hardly any visible difference to pure water, while a 20% solution of Kollidon 90 F in water gives high viscosities between 6 and 25 Pa •s.


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Simple Statement of Kollidon 17PF

Influence of the concentration of Kollidon 17 PF, Kollidon 25 and Kollidon 30 on their intrinsic viscosities. A further method of determining the intrinsic viscosity from a single measurement is to calculate it from the K-value. The values obtained with this equation at different concentrations of Kollidon 17 PF, Kollidon 25 and Kollidon 30 largely agree with those in Fig. 11

Item name:Kollidon 17PF

Specification:50kg
Item Application:Kollidon 17PF is low molecular weight (W7 ,000-11, 000), non-heat products. Kollidon 17PF is Primarily used as a thickening agent, dispersing agent, freeze-dried agent.It is used in injections and ophthalmic preparations..

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Uses of Kollidon 25

The Kollidon products consist of soluble and insoluble grades of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) of various molecular weights and particle sizes. It is used as dry binders for tablets, capsules and granules, film-formers, stabilizers in oral suspensions, dispersants for pigments, enzyme stabilisiers and bioavailablility improvers. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)(Kollidon), also commonly called Polyvidone or Povidone, is a water-soluble polymer made from the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone.

Product name:Kollidon 25
Specification:50kg
Kollidon 25 's main application is as binder in granules and tablets. It also improves the bioavailability of some hardly soluble actives. It meets the requirements of the current harmonised monographs for povidone in Ph. Eur., USP/NF and JP.
Kollidon 25 and Kollidon 30, for instance, always have a slight amine orammonia odour, as ammonia is used for neutralisation.All the soluble grades of Kollidon give aqueous solutions with very little taste.

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Brief Description of Kollidon 90F

Kollidon 90F's main application is as binder in granules and tablets. It is further applied to modify the viscosity of liquid dosage forms. It also improves the bioavailability of some hardly soluble actives. Kollidon 90F is soluble in high-molecular povidone with highest binding properties within the povidone range.

Product name:Kollidon 90F
Specification:25kg
Kollidon 90F has high molecular weight (W1 ,000,000-1, 500,000) product. It has a variety of major applications, for example, it is used as a high-performance adhesive, oral and topical suspension stabilizer, thickener, surgical plastic pore agent. Kollidon 90F is also used to improve a number of bioavailability of insoluble drugs.
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