The Preparations of Electronic Grade- Samarium Oxid

Item name: Electronic grade- Samarium oxide 

Formula: Sm2O3

Molecular weight: 348.7182

CAS: 12060-58-1 

Density: 8.3477.24g/cm3

Melting point 2262℃

Samarium(III) oxide may be prepared by two methods:

1. thermal decomposition of samarium(III) carbonate, hydroxide, nitrate, oxalate or sulfate:

Sm2(CO3)3 → Sm2O3 + 3 CO2

2. by burning the metal in air or oxygen at a temperature above 150 °C:

4 Sm + 3 O2 → 2 Sm2O3

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Uses of Optics Grade- Praseodymium Oxide

Praseodymium(III)oxide can be used as a dielectric in combination with silicon. Praseodymium-doped glass, called didymium glass, turns yellow and is used in welding goggles because it blocks infrared radiation. 2500 tonnes of praseodymium(III) oxide are produced worldwide each year. Praseodymium(III) oxide is also used to color glass and ceramics yellow. For coloring ceramics, also the very dark brown mixed-valence compound praseodymium(III,IV)oxide, Pr6O11, is used.

Item name: Optics grade-- praseodymium oxide

Formula: Pr6O11

Molecular weight: 172.13

CAS: 12036-05-4

Density 6.88 g/cm3

Melting point 2042℃

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The History of High Purity Grade- Holmium Oxide

Holmium(III) oxide, or holmium oxide is a chemical compound of a rare-earth element holmium and oxygen with the formula Ho2O3. Together with dysprosium(III) oxide (Dy2O3) holmium oxide is one of the most powerfully paramagnetic substances known. The oxide, also called holmia, occurs as a component of the related erbium oxide mineral called erbia. Typically the oxides of the trivalent lanthanides coexist in nature and separation of these components requires specialized methods. Holmium oxide is used in making specialty colored glasses. Glass containing holmium oxide and holmium oxide solutions have a series of sharp optical absorption peaks in the visible spectral range. They are therefore traditionally used as a convenient calibration standard for optical spectrophotometers.

Holmium (Holmia, Latin name for Stockholm) was discovered by Marc Delafontaine and Jacques-Louis Soret in 1878 who noticed the aberrant spectrographic absorption bands of the then-unknown element (they called it "Element X"). Later in 1878, Per Teodor Cleve independently discovered the element while he was working on erbia earth (erbium oxide).

Using the method developed by Carl Gustaf Mosander, Cleve first removed all of the known contaminants from erbia. The result of that effort was two new materials, one brown and one green. He named the brown substance holmia (after the Latin name for Cleve's home town, Stockholm) and the green one thulia. Holmia was later found to be the holmium oxide and thulia was thulium oxide.

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Definition of Electronic Grade- Neodymium Oxide

Item Name: Electronic grade-- Neodymium oxide

Formula: Nd2O3
molecular weight: 336.48
CAS: 1313-97-9
Density 7.24g/cm3
Melting point 1900℃

Neodymium(III) oxide or neodymium sesquioxide is the chemical compound composed of neodymium and oxygen with the formula Nd2O3. It forms very light grayish-blue hexagonal crystals. The rare earth mixture didymium, previously believed to be an element, partially consists of neodymium(III) oxide.

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Technical Grade- Yttrium Oxide's Uses in Materials Science

Yttrium oxide, also known as yttria, is Y2O3. It is an air-stable, white solid substance. Yttrium oxide is used as a common starting material for both materials science as well as inorganic compounds.

It is the most important yttrium compound and is widely used to make Eu:YVO4 and Eu:Y2O3 phosphors that give the red color in color TV picture tubes. Yttrium oxide is also used to make yttrium iron garnets, which are very effective microwave filters.

Y2O3 is used to make the high temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7, known as "1-2-3" to indicate the ratio of the metal constituents:
2 Y2O3 + 8 BaO + 12 CuO + O2 → 4 YBa2Cu3O7

This synthesis is typically conducted at 800 °C.

The thermal conductivity of yttrium oxide is 27 W/(m·K).

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High Purity Grade - Lutetium Oxid's Brief History

Lutetium(III) oxide, a white solid, is a cubic compound of lutetium sometimes used in the preparation of specialty glasses. lutetium oxide is also called lutecia. It is a lanthanide oxide, also known as a rare earth.

In 1879, Jean-Charles-Galissard de Margnac (1817–1894), a French chemist, claimed to have discovered ytterbium, but actually he had found a mixture of elements. In 1907, a French chemist Georges Urbain (1872–1938) reported that ytterbium was a mixture of two new elements and not a single element. Two more chemists came to the same conclusion. They were from Germany, Karl Auer (1858–1929) and America, Charles James (1880–1926). The two compounds they discovered were neoytterbium and lutecium. However, none of these chemists actually dealt with pure lutetium. The compound they found was usually lutetium oxide.

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Reactions of Glass Grade-- Erbium Oxide

Erbium oxide is synthesized from the transition metal erbium. It was partially isolated by Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1843, and first obtained in pure form in 1905 by Georges Urbain and Charles James.It has a pink color with a cubic crystal structure. Under certain conditions erbium oxide can also have a hexagonal form. Erbium oxide is toxic when inhaled, taken orally, or injected into the blood stream in massive amounts. The effect of erbium oxides in low concentrations on humans over long periods of time has not been determined. However, this compound should be handled with care.

Erbium metal tarnishes slowly in air. Erbium burns readily to form erbium (III) oxide:

Formation of erbium oxide: 4 Er + 3 O2 → 2 Er2O3  Erbium oxide is insoluble in water and soluble in mineral acids. Er2O3 readily absorb moisture and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. It can react with acids to form the corresponding erbium(III) salts.
Reaction with hydrochloric acid: Er2O3 + 6 HCl → 2 ErCl3 + 3 H2O

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The Appearance of Electronic Grade-- Holmium Oxide

Holmium(III) oxide, or holmium oxide is a chemical compound of a rare-earth element holmium and oxygen with the formula Ho2O3. Together with dysprosium(III) oxide (Dy2O3) holmium oxide is one of the most powerfully paramagnetic substances known. The oxide, also called holmia, occurs as a component of the related erbium oxide mineral called erbia. Typically the oxides of the trivalent lanthanides coexist in nature and separation of these components requires specialized methods. Holmium oxide is used in making specialty colored glasses. Glass containing holmium oxide and holmium oxide solutions have a series of sharp optical absorption peaks in the visible spectral range. They are therefore traditionally used as a convenient calibration standard for optical spectrophotometers.

Holmium oxide has some fairly dramatic color changes depending on the lighting conditions. In daylight, it is a tannish yellow color. Under trichromatic light, it is a fiery orange red, almost indistinguishable from the way erbium oxide looks under this same lighting. This is related to the sharp emission bands of the phosphors. Holmium oxide has a wide band gap of 5.3 eV and thus should appear colorless. The yellow color originates from abundant lattice defects (such as oxygen vacancies) and is related to internal transitions at the Ho3+ ions.

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Basic Description of Fluorescence Grade-- Dysprosium Oxide

Item Name: Fluorescence grade-- Dysprosium Oxide

Formula: Dy2O3
molecular weight: 373.02
CAS: 1308-87-8
Density 7.81g/cm3
Meltingpoint 2340℃
Boilingpoint 4000℃

Dysprosium  is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is a rare earth element with a metallic silver luster. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element, though it is found in various minerals, such as xenotime. Naturally occurring dysprosium is composed of 7 isotopes, the most abundant of which is 164Dy.

Dysprosium Oxide (Dy2O3) is a white, slightly hygroscopic powder having specialized uses in ceramics, glass, phosphors, lasers and dysprosium metal halide lamps.
It can react with acids to produce the corresponding dysprosium(III) salts:
Dy2O3 + 6 HCl → 2 DyCl3 + 3 H2O

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Introduction of High Purity Grade-Terbium Oxide

Terbium is a chemical element with the symbol Tb and atomic number 65. It is a silvery-white rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile and soft enough to be cut with a knife. Terbium is never found in nature as a free element, but it is contained in many minerals, including cerite, gadolinite, monazite, xenotime and euxenite.

Terbium(III,IV) oxide, occasionally called tetraterbium heptaoxide, has the formula Tb4O7, though some texts refer to it as TbO1.75. There is some debate as to whether it is a discrete compound, or simply one phase in an interstitial oxide system. Tb4O7 is one of the main commercial terbium compounds, and the only such product containing at least some Tb(IV) (terbium in the +4 oxidation state), along with the more stable Tb(III). It is produced by heating the metal oxalate, and it is used in the preparation of other terbium compounds. Terbium forms three other major oxides: Tb2O3, TbO2, and Tb6O11.

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High Purity Grade-Gadolinium Oxide's Structure

Gadolinium oxide (archaically gadolinia) is a inorganic compound with the formula Gd2O3. It is one of the most commonly available forms of the rare earth element gadolinium, derivatives of which are potential contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging.

Gadolinium oxide has two most common structures: monoclinic (Pearson symbol mS30, space group C2/m, No. 12) and cubic (cI80, Ia3, No. 206). The cubic structure is similar to that of manganese(III) oxide, which, as a mineral, is also called bixbyite (then with a minor iron(III) content). There are two types of gadolinium sites in the cubic structure, both with a coordination number of 6 but with different geometry of the surrounding oxygen atoms. At room temperature, the cubic structure is the most stable and a phase change to the monoclinic structure takes place at 1200 °C. From 2100 °C and up to the melting point at 2420 °C, a hexagonal phase dominates.

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General Knowledge of Fluorescence Grade-Europium Oxide

Europium oxide is often used for TV, phosphors, three-color phosphor for lamp, stimulated emission phosphor of the new X-ray medical diagnostic system. It is also can be used to make Colored lenses and optical filters. Europium oxide is also used as Magnetic bubble storage devices, control materials for nuclear reactor , shielding materials and structural materials.

Europium is a chemical element with the symbol Eu and atomic number 63. It is named after the continent of Europe. It is a moderately hard silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, europium usually assumes the oxidation state +3, but the oxidation state +2 is also common: all europium compounds with oxidation state +2 are slightly reducing. Europium has no significant biological role and is relatively non-toxic compared to other heavy metals. Most applications of europium exploit the phosphorescence of europium compounds.


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Basic Information of High Purity Grade-Cerium Oxide

Cerium oxide is a kind of white powder. It is insoluble in water and alkali, but it is sparing soluble in acid. People can get Dicerium trioxide by hydrogen reduction of cerium oxide under the condition of 2000℃ tempreture and 15Mpa pressure.

Cerium(IV) oxide, also known as ceric oxide, ceria, cerium oxide or cerium dioxide, is an oxide of the rare earth metal cerium. It is a pale yellow-white powder with the chemical formula CeO2.

Cerium(IV) oxide is formed by the calcination of cerium oxalate or cerium hydroxide.

Powdered ceria is slightly hygroscopic and will also absorb a small amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Cerium also forms cerium(III) oxide, Ce2O3, but CeO2 is the most stable phase at room temperature and under atmospheric conditions.


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