Bacitracin in History

The drug's unique name derives from the fact that it was isolated by John T. Goorley from a girl named Tracy:
One strain isolated from tissue debrided from a compound fracture of the tibia was particularly active. We named this growth-antagonistic strain for the patient, "Tracy I." When cell-free filtrates of broth cultures of this bacillus proved to possess strong antibiotic activity and to be non-toxic, further study seemed warranted. We have called this active principle "Bacitracin." It was approved by FDA in 1948.Synthesis
Bacitracin is synthesised via what is called nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), which means that ribosomes are not involved in its synthesis.bacABC is involved in synthesis.
Main article: Bactoprenol phosphate
Bacitracin interferes with the dephosphorylation of the C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a molecule that carries the building-blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall outside of the inner membrane.
Bacitracin has been claimed to be a protein disulfide isomerase inhibitor in cells, but this is disputed by in vitro studies.
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Hygromycin B basic information

Hygromycin B (Hygromycin B) is a by Streptomyces (Streptomyces hygroscopicus) produce antibiotics, aminoglycoside antibiotics is one of the micro-brown powder. Hygromycin B can inhibit the bacteria, fungi and some higher eukaryotic protein synthesis within the cell to kill these organisms. Hygromycin B is soluble in methanol, ethanol and water, but in ether, chloroform or benzene, almost insoluble. Hygromycin B was in the 1950s found that when used as animal drugs. And now it is still as insect pest drug is added chicken and pig feed. Used to generate hygromycin Streptomyces in 1953 was the first time isolated from soil and obtain pure culture. Hygromycin B resistance gene discovery related to the early 80s in the 20th century

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Hygromycin B drug interactions

Treatment period. Prohibit the application of ear toxicity with drugs such as aminoglycoside, erythromycin and other antibiotics. In addition, the multi-product market to premix formulations, should be used to do hygromycin B titer units of measurement. Laboratory as a chemical reagent used. Our main research work carried out as follows, to the following specifications: 1, produced by the natural separation of bacteria, UV mutagenesis, fast processing and chemical mutagens EMS treatment, the fermentation units from 150-200U/mL to 1000-1500U/mL; and regeneration by protoplasts, spores and protoplasts with UV treatment and the optimization of fermentation medium ratio, the fermentation units in 2500-300U/mL, obtained by the strain breeding bacteria than the original starting types of 15-20 times the yield strain. 2, fermentation of, by the fermentation medium such as carbon, ammonia source, inorganic salts such as the ratio of research, especially the use of uniform design to optimize the culture medium and fermentation conditions such as temperature, pH, aeration, seed quality preferred to substantial increase in fermentation units, and identified a set of feasible fermentation process route. Amplified by the fermentation test, in which units of four batches of fermentation tank 200L average 276U/mL, up 3194U/mL, 2 吨 tank in an average of three batches 2226U/mL.
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Streptococcus Thermophilus development background

Ongoing research and experimentation have improved the Streptococcus thermophilus strain even beyond its natural beneficial state. This improved strain is responsible for the consistent taste and texture of many dairy products. It also provides stable fermentation and a resilience to bacteriophage.
Streptococcus thermophilus also produces exopolysaccharides. These are essential to the texture of fermented milk products and also to the production of reduced-fat dairy products that maintain similar characteristics to their full-fat counterparts. One of Streptococcus thermophilus' unique abilities is that it can break down casein, the protein in dairy products like cheese. It reduces them into small peptides and amino acids that are required for the maturation of textures and flavors in reduced-fat cheeses. Different bacterial strains produce cheeses with differing characteristics. Streptococcus thermophilus, for example , produces a low-moisture cheddar cheese with a minimal level of bitterness, good for very mild cheddar cheese. However, by combining bacterial strains with varying characteristics, a high quality, reduced-fat cheddar cheese may be produced that is very similar to regular , full-fat cheddar.
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bifidobacterium bifidum benefits

bifidobacterium bifidum can Diarrhea Treatment and Cancer Prevention.Probiotics such as B. bifidum are especially effective in the treatment of diarrhea, including infectious diarrhea and diarrhea associated with antibiotic use. The probiotics are even safe for children with diarrhea. The restoration of bacterial symbiosis within the gastrointestinal tract as a result of probiotic supplementation results in a decrease in stool frequency, fecal weight and abdominal cramps.
The article "Bifidobacterium as Probiotic Agents - Physiological Effects and Clinical Benefits" states that bacterial irregularity of the intestinal flora influences the creation of cancer cells by producing enzymes that transform normal cells into active carcinogens. Harmful bacteria in the colon promote tumor production and tumor transformation in the gut. Evidence suggests that probiotics such as B. bifidum protect the host from activities within the body that cause the growth and transformation of healthy cells into cancer cellsRead more：http://www.acid-lactic-bacteria.com/lactobacillus/Bifidobacterium-Bifidum/

Examples of rapamycin

Inhibition of the target of rapamycin signalling pathway by genetic or pharmacological intervention extends lifespan in invertebrates, including yeast, nematodes and fruitflies.Researchers reported that rapamycin extended median and maximal lifespan of both male and female mice when fed beginning at 600 days of age. On the basis of age at 90% mortality, rapamycin led to an increase of 14% for females and 9% for males. The effect was seen at three independent test sites in genetically heterogeneous mice, chosen to avoid genotype-specific effects on disease susceptibility. Disease patterns of rapamycin-treated mice did not differ from those of control mice. In a separate study, rapamycin fed to mice beginning at 270 days of age also increased survival in both males and females. Thus, rapamycin may extend lifespan by postponing death
from cancer, by retarding mechanisms of ageing, or both.

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Target of rapamycin as a novel antitumor target

In mammals, target of rapamycin is best known to regulate translation through the ribosomal protein S6 kinases (S6Ks) and the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding proteins. Consistent with the contribution of translation to growth, target of rapamycin regulates cell,
organ, and organismal size. The identification of the tumor suppressor proteins tuberous sclerosis1 and 2 (TSC1 and 2) and Ras-homolog enriched in brain (Rheb) has biochemically linked the target of rapamycin and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways, providing a mechanism for
the crosstalk that occurs between these pathways. Target of rapamycin is emerging as a novel antitumor target, since the target of rapamycin inhibitor rapamycin appears to be effective against tumorsresulting from aberrantly high PI3K signaling.

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Bifidobacterium Bifidum overview

Bifidobacterium bifidum is one member of the Bifidobacterium family that is believed to be strictly of human origin. There are others of this family that are strictly of animal origin and still others that can be found in both human and animal.
Although Bifidobacterium bifidum is not one of the largest numbered of the Bifidobacterium family to be found in adult humans (it makes up around 2% of the Bifidobacterium1) it is believed to somehow have a clear ecological advantage in adults1.
Bifidobacterium bifidum has been shown to play an important part in the fermentation of Galactooligosaccharides2.Read more：http://www.acid-lactic-bacteria.com/lactobacillus/Bifidobacterium-Bifidum/

Rapamycin's Complexes-rapamycin1

 Rapamycin Complex 1 (Rapamycin1) is composed of Rapamycin , regulatory-associated protein of Rapamycin (Raptor), mammalian LST8/G-protein β-subunit like protein (mLST8/GβL) and the recently identified partners PRAS40 and DEPTOR. This complex is characterized by the classic features of Rapamycin by functioning as a nutrient/energy/redox sensor and controlling protein synthesis.The activity of this complex is stimulated by insulin, growth factors, serum, phosphatidic acid, amino acids (particularly leucine), and oxidative stress.

Rapamycin1 is inhibited by low nutrient levels, growth factor deprivation, reductive stress, rapamycin, and farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS).The two best characterized targets of mTORC1 are p70-S6 Kinase 1 (S6K1) and 4E-BP1, the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binding protein 1.

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What is Bifidobacterium bifidum

Bifidobacterium bifidum is one of many bacteria found in the human body. The digestive system is home to an estimated 500 different species of bacteria, including members of the Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroids families. In addition to these good bacteria, the human gut flora also includes a number of strains of yeast or fungi. Although the largest population of Bifidobacterium bifidum is located in the digestive system, lesser amounts are also found in the mouth, breast milk, and the vagina.
There are many benefits of good bacteria in the digestive system. Bifidobacterium bifidum and other probiotics assist the body in breaking down undigested carbohydrates that could otherwise not be utilized. The bacteria then turn these carbohydrates into substances called short chain fatty acids. Short chain fatty acids assist the body by reducing harmful bacteria, providing nutrients and energy, and protecting against fluid loss.Read more：http://www.acid-lactic-bacteria.com/lactobacillus/Bifidobacterium-Bifidum/

The role of bacitracin zinc

Bacitracin Zinc promote the body's digestion and absorption of zinc bacitracin to animal intestinal wall thinning, increased intestinal permeability changes in intestinal metabolism of the environment and to promote digestion and absorption of nutrients. According to reports, the use of chicken fed zinc bacitracin and bacitracin zinc with not feeding the chickens, the former wall was thinner, and fed bacitracin zinc, make animal intestinal ammonia and formation of toxic amines significantly reduce and maintain normal levels of alkaline phosphatase in the digestive tract, in order to facilitate nutrient digestion and absorption. Norwegian Air Hal ladder De Boshi small cock in diets 1 0 0 mg / bacitracin zinc experiments have shown that arginine can improve the utilization of 1. 1, histidine 2. O 9 / 6, isoleucine 1. 4 9 / 6, leucine 1. 2 9 / 6, lysine 2. 2 9 / 6, methionine 1. 2, phenylalanine 0. 6, threonine 2. O, Val 1. 1, cystine 1. 99 / 6, tyrosine 0. 1, creatinine 0. 1, proline 0. 39 / 6, serine 1. 9. That in feed zinc bacitracin, can significantly improve the utilization of animal nutrients, thereby promoting the growth performance of the play.Read more：http://www.acid-lactic-bacteria.com/bulk-drug/Bacitracin-zinc/

Bacitracin adverse reactions

Bacitracin following adverse reactions may occur, local bacitracin infusion for abdominal surgery or medication in the body cavity infection is large, may have traces of absorption, causing kidney toxicity may occur. Allergic reactions, local skin itching, rash, redness or other irritation, generally mild. Occasional local use after severe systemic allergic reaction. Systemic bacitracin, can cause severe kidney toxicity, renal tubular damage is the most obvious parts of the glomerular filtration function has also been inhibited, abnormalities found in the urine of the first administration of 3 to 4 days to 5 7 days and reached the peak, although the future to continue medication, the situation is sometimes counter-improved. With proteinuria, urinary tube, etc. appear, also showed impaired renal function, severe acute tubular necrosis may occur and death. Because of its toxicity, and the other has the same effect of the emergence of the low toxicity of antibiotics, it is currently the only topical product. Topical application of bacitracin zinc ointment when there are very few patients have allergic reactions.Read more：http://www.acid-lactic-bacteria.com/bulk-drug/Bacitracin/

What is bacitracin zinc

Bacitracin zinc is light brown or tan powder; a special smell. Bacitracin zinc is a peptide antibiotic, against Gram-positive bacteria with bactericidal action, the mechanism of the inhibition of bacterial wall synthesis of bacteria, but also with sensitive bacterial cell membrane, damage the cell membrane integrity, leading to an outflow of important material within cells. Inhibit Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative bacteria; bacitracin-resistant bacteria is slow, and other antibiotics, no cross-resistance. Promote animal growth, improve feed conversion rates. Oral bacitracin zinc is almost no absorption, most within 2 days with the feces. Bacitracin and penicillin, streptomycin, neomycin, chlortetracycline, polymyxin, which are synergistic antibacterial effect. The goods and olaquindox, kitasamycin, virginiamycin, En La neomycin incompatibility exists. For Gram-positive bacteria and penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection.Read more：http://www.acid-lactic-bacteria.com/bulk-drug/Bacitracin-zinc/

teicoplanin for the treatment of G + bacterial infections

Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen Chang-day care such as evaluation of teicoplanin treatment of G + bacteria infection efficacy and safety, the use of randomized controlled and open trials to vancomycin as the control. Completed cases, 60 cases in which the test group of 30 patients, teicoplanin 0.2 to 0.4 grams a day, intravenously; the control group of 30 patients, vancomycin 0.5 g, 3 times a day intravenously. Treatment lasted 7 to 14 days. Results, the test group cure rate, efficient bacterial clearance rates were 50%, 80% and 83.3% in the control group were 46.7%, 76.7% and 76.7%, no significant difference between the two groups. Adverse reaction rates were 10% and 13.3%, no significant difference between the two groups. From this view, teicoplanin therapy safe and effective G + bacterial infection. Read more：http://www.acid-lactic-bacteria.com/bulk-drug/Teicoplanin/

Teicoplanin for the treatment of G + bacterial infections

Teicoplanin adverse reactions are mainly elevated liver transaminases, rash, neutropenia, and gastrointestinal tract, ear, kidney toxicity rare. Although glycopeptide antibiotics has been the treatment of bacterial infections of the G + effective drug, but in recent years, glycopeptide-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (GISA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP ) and other infections are a growing trend, so take an alternative drug or drug combination in order to more effectively control the GISA, VRE, and DRSP infections. However, the combination of adverse reactions increase is the main drawback, especially an increase in renal toxicity and neurotoxicity. In combination with aminoglycosides, teicoplanin than other glycopeptide antibiotics on renal function is much smaller, and the glycopeptide antibiotics rarely cause allergic reactions caused by "Reds syndrome." Read more：http://www.acid-lactic-bacteria.com/bulk-drug/Teicoplanin/

Geldanamycin brief introduction

Geldanamycin (GA) is a natural product produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. InvivoGen producesGeldanamycin   from amutant strain of S. hygroscopicus, inactivated for the synthesis of nigericin, a common contaminant of Geldanamycin .  Geldanamycin binds with high affinity into the ATP binding pocket of Hsp90. Hsp90 is a ubiquitous molecular chaperone critical for the folding, assembly and activity of multiple mutated and overexpressed signaling proteins that promote the growth and / or survival of tumor cells. Hsp90 client proteins include mutated p53, Raf-1, Akt, ErbB2 and hypoxia- inducible factor 1a (HIF-1a). Binding of  Geldanamycin to Hsp90 causes the destabilization and degradation of its client proteinsRead more;http://www.acid-lactic-bacteria.com/bulk-drug/Geldanamycin/

Hygromycin B's uses

Pigs fed hygromycin B long-term effective control of Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomum nematodes and nematode infected hair first, because the product not only for adults, larvae and effective, but also inhibit the females lay eggs, so that the parasites loss of reproductive capacity. So. Complete feed pregnant sows add hygromycin B, to protect the piglets from roundworm infection in the nursing period. Hygromycin B is recommended for: pre-natal 6 weeks and lactating sows; less than 6 months old pigs (the most susceptible of the roundworm).
Poultry, hygromycin B on chicken roundworm chicken different insects and birds continued closure of barbed Capillaria have good control effect.
Drug interactions, medication. Prohibit the application of ear toxicity with drugs such as aminoglycoside, erythromycin and other antibiotics.Read more：http://www.acid-lactic-bacteria.com/bulk-drug/Hygromycin-B/

The Use of Bifidobacterium Bifidum

Take  Bifidobacterium Bifidum by mouth as directed. Follow all directions on the product package. If you are uncertain about any of the information, consult your doctor or pharmacist.Do not use in children younger than 2 years without consulting the doctor first.Do not take more of this product or take it for longer than recommended by the product package or your doctor's instructions.If your condition persists or worsens, or if you think you may have a serious medical problem, seek immediate medical attention.
If you are taking  Bifidobacterium Bifidum under your doctor's direction, your doctor or pharmacist may already be aware of possible drug interactions and may be monitoring you for them. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicine before checking with your doctor or pharmacist first.If you are taking antibiotics, it is recommended that you separate the time of the antibiotic dose from the time you take this product by at least 2 hours.This document does not contain all possible interactions. Therefore, before using Bifidobacterium Bifidum , tell your doctor or pharmacist of all the products you use.
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The Benefits of Bifidobacterium Bifidum

Bifidobacterium bifidum is included in a subsection of bacteria known as probiotics. These beneficial bacteria occur naturally within the human body and are found most commonly in the gastrointestinal tract. Bifidobacterium bifidum  have also been detected, although significantly less in quantity, in breast milk, the mouth , and the vagina. While it is accepted that probiotics act opportunistically within the intestine, in effect beating out known pathogenic species, researchers continue to investigate the specific mechanisms by which bifidobacteria act. As a part of the probiotic group of bacteria, Bifidobacterium bifidum  are attributed with a vast array of beneficial physiologic effects. Some of the benefits associated with Bifidobacterium bifidum  include: improved digestion, augmentation of the immune system, efficient production of lactic and acetic acid without producing carbon dioxide, lower serum cholesterol levels, lower incidence of allergies, enhanced calcium absorption, better synthesis of B-complex vitamins, and further promotes anti-tumorgenic effects in cases of colon cancer. In addition,Bifidobacterium bifidum have commonly been utilized in home remedies for diarrhea, vaginitis, yeast infections, as well as irritable bowel syndrome
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Rapamycin usage and dosage

Rapamycin treatment options varied, and the separate and joint administration of the dose CsA or FK506 dose of such drug use vary widely. Also have to maintain plasma concentration differences. Groth, etc. in the rapamycin-based immunosuppressive therapy with CsA-based immunosuppressive therapy in the control study, the initial dose of oral rapamycin to 16-24mg/m2/day, followed by 7-10 days amount of 8-12mg/m2/day, plasma concentrations in the 30ng/ml, 2 months after rapamycin dosage adjustment until plasma concentrations in the 15ng/ml, both with water or orange juice in the morning one blunt, one Day one, first 12 weeks of weekly monitoring of blood concentration of 1, followed by monthly monitoring 1. Observed plasma concentration and is proportional to drug toxicity, but its side effects are reversible. When the plasma concentration is reduced, the side effects are better. So that the plasma concentration Groth to keep in 10-20ng/ml as well. Kahan that the plasma concentration greater than 15ng/ml, that with the increase of triglycerides and hemoglobin, white blood cells or platelets to reduce the. When RAPA and FK506, when combined, the plasma concentration that is maintained at 6-12ng/ml reduce the role of acute rejection rate, and toxicity.Read more：http://www.acid-lactic-bacteria.com/bulk-drug/Rapamycin/

Drug toxicology of teicoplanin

Teicoplanin and vancomycin for the new glycopeptide antibiotic similar to its anti-bacterial spectrum and antibacterial activity similar to vancomycin. The role of S. aureus vancomycin greater than, less adverse reactions. The product of Gram-positive bacteria such as staphylococcus, streptococcus, enterococcus, and anaerobic-positive bacteria most sensitive. Teicoplanin pharmacodynamics of a new glycopeptide antibiotics, parenteral administration, with strong bactericidal activity. Available for intravenous or intramuscular injection once a day. The drug inhibited cell wall synthesis pathway and vancomycin, as interference in the new part of the peptidoglycan synthesis process. The drug with the peptidoglycan subunit of aminoacyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine part of the combination of sky effects, this combination will be the normal bacterial cells and cross a bridge to extend the identification of acid sites hidden up. This combination of inhibition of two aspects: the formation of cell wall chain subunit of growth or extension of the new link to a bridge across the cell wall of the final steps. Therefore, the integration and solid cell wall damaged, cell growth stopped, the cells died. As a unique mechanism of action of teicoplanin, teicoplanin-resistant rare strains. So to penicillins and cephalosporins, macrolides, tetracycline and chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, and rifampicin-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, is still sensitive to teicoplanin.

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