The functions about Enoxaparin Sodium

Enoxaparin Sodium is a low molecular weight heparin marketed under the trade names Lovenox, Xaparin and Clexane, among others. It is an anticoagulant used to prevent and treat deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, and is given as a subcutaneous injection (by a health care provider or the patient). Its use is evolving in acute coronary syndromes (ACS).
Enoxaparin Sodium is manufactured by Sanofi and is derived from the intestinal mucosa of pigs.
Enoxaparin Sodium injection, USP is a low molecular weight heparin [LMWH] indicated for:
Prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in abdominal surgery, hip replacement surgery, knee replacement surgery, or medical patients with severely restricted mobility during acute illness.
Inpatient treatment of acute DVT with or without pulmonary embolism
Outpatient treatment of acute DVT without pulmonary embolism. 
Prophylaxis of ischemic complications of unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction MI
Treatment of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction STEMI managed medically or with subsequent percutaneous coronary intervention PCI

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What beneftis the Bifidobacterium bifidum has?

Bifidobacterium bifidum is  a beneficial kind of bacteria. Probiotics live inside the body, mainly in the gastrointestinal system. These good bacteria promote healthy digestion, strengthen the immune system, and work to eliminate harmful and unhealthy bacteria from the body. Low levels of probiotics in the intestines can result in many unpleasant symptoms such as abdominal bloating and cramps, yeast infections, and food sensitivities. Bifidobacterium bifidumcan be added to the diet through the use of supplements or the consumption of yogurt containing live culture.
Bifidobacterium bifidum is one of many bacteria found in the human body. The digestive system is home to an estimated 500 different species of bacteria, including members of the Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroids families. In addition to these good bacteria, the human gut flora also includes a number of strains of yeast or fungi. Although the largest population of Bifidobacterium bifidum is located in the digestive system, lesser amounts are also found in the mouth, breast milk, and the vagina. Bifidobacterium bifidum known as B. bifidum, is a strain of bacteria commonly used as a probiotic. Probiotics are living microorganisms that simulate the beneficial bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. B. bifidum is one of many bacterial strains that occur naturally in the gut flora, living in the colon. The inclusion of B. bifidum in a dietary regimen provides the host with a variety of benefits.
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The useful and delicious Cocoa powder

Cocoa powder crushed from the beans of the tropical American cacao tree, and the hot drink made from it. The beans are fermented, dried, roasted and turned into a thick paste, from which the fat (cocoa butter) is removed. The mixture is then ground. There is also a ‘Dutch-processed’ variety, which is made from beans treated with a potassium solution that neutralises their acidity and gives them a milder flavour.

Natural Unsweetened Cocoa powder tastes very bitter and gives a deep chocolate flavor to baked goods.  Its intense flavor makes it well suited for use in brownies, cookies and some chocolate cakes.  When natural cocoa (an acid) is used in recipes calling for baking soda (an alkali), it creates a leavening action that causes the batter to rise when placed in the oven.  Popular brands are Hershey's, Ghirardelli, and Scharffen Berger. Cocoa powder is made when chocolate liquor is pressed to remove three quarters of its cocoa butter.  The remaining cocoa solids are processed to make fine unsweetened cocoa powder.   There are two types of unsweetened cocoa powder: natural and Dutch-processed.

Cocoa powder used alone in cakes, cocoa powder imparts a full rich chocolate flavor and dark color.  Cocoa powder can also be used in recipes with other chocolates (unsweetened or dark) and this combination produces a cake with a more intense chocolate flavor than if the cocoa wasn't present.   Most recipes call for sifting the cocoa powder with the flour but to bring out its full flavor it can be combined with a small amount of boiling water.  (If you want to try this in a recipe, substitute some of the liquid in the recipe for boiling water.)  Often times, you may notice that more butter and leavening agent are used in recipes containing cocoa powder.  This is to offset cocoa powder's drying and strengthening affect in cakes.  There are two types of unsweetened cocoa powder: natural and Dutch-processed and it is best to use the type specified in the recipe as the leavening agent used is dependent on the type of cocoa powder.   Some prefer using Dutch-processed cocoa as a slight bitterness may be tasted in cakes using natural cocoa and baking soda.

Cocoa solids are the low-fat component of chocolate. When sold as an end product, it may also be called Cocoa powder, cocoa, and cacao. In contrast, the fatty component of chocolate is cocoa butter. Cocoa butter is 50% to 57% of the weight of cocoa beans and gives chocolate its characteristic melting properties. Cocoa liquor is the melted combination of cocoa butter and cocoa solids. Cocoa solids are obtained by extraction from the cocoa bean. Cocoa powder is rich in flavonoids, a type of phenolic. The amount of flavonoids depends on the amount of processing and manufacturing the cocoa powder undergoes, but cocoa powder can contain up to 10% its weight in flavonoids. Flavanols are one of six compounds further classified as flavonoids. Flavanols, which are also found in fruits and vegetables, are linked to certain health benefits linked to coronary heart disease and stroke. The topic of how flavanols benefit cardiovascular health is still under debate. It has been suggested that the flavanols may take part in mechanisms such as nitric oxide and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiplatelet effects. Benefiting these mechanisms may improve endothelial function, lipid levels, blood pressure and insulin resistance。

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The benefits about Streptococcus thermophilus

Streptococcus thermophilus is a Gram-positive bacterium which is also classified as a lactic acid bacterium. It is often found in fermented milk products such as yoghurt, cheeses and milk drinks. It is just one of the many beneficial bacteria that is added to food and drinks to enhance a person’s immune system functions and to help keep a healthy colon too. The ability of Streptococcus thermophilus to survive is simple, it has a thick cell wall that can help survive in extreme temperatures. Dairy products are heated for processing up to 100 degrees Celsius and these bacteria can withstand these extremes in temperature very well.

Streptococcus thermophilus is one of the most commercially important of all lactic acid bacteria。Streptococcus thermophilus is a Gram-positive facultative anaerobe. It is a cytochrome-, oxidase- and catalase-negative organism that is nonmotile, non-spore forming and homofermentative. Streptococcus thermophilus is an alpha-hemolytic species of the viridans group. It is also classified as a lactic acid bacteria (LAB).  S. thermophilus is physiologically and biochemically less versatile than other lactic acid bacteria, the reality is that this organism is actually very versatile. Research during the past two decades has revealed that S. thermophilus has properties that make it one of the most commercially important of all lactic acid bacteria. Streptococcus thermophilus is used, along with Lactobacillus spp., as a starter culture for the manufacture of several important fermented dairy foods, including yogurt and Mozzarella cheese.

Streptococcus thermophilus is an essential lactic acid bacterium used for commercial purposes, which includes the production of milk, cheese, and other dairy products. This organism is a thermophilic Gram-positive bacterium with an optimal growth rate at 45 °C. It is also capable of generating energy, in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), by aerobic respiration with the presence of oxygen; however, without the presence of oxygen, it still can produce ATP through fermentation. S. thermophilus lacks cytochrome, oxidase, and catalase enzymes. It does not have motility and it does not form spores. Although S. thermophilus is closely related to other pathogenic streptococci (such as S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes), S. thermophilus is classified as a non-pathogenic, alpha-hemolytic species that is part of the viridians group. The increasing consumer need for dairy products and booming manufacture of dairy products  led to the investigation and sequencing of S. thermophilus.

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What benefts the Bifidobacterium bifidum has?

Bifidobacterium bifidum is  a beneficial kind of bacteria. Probiotics live inside the body, mainly in the gastrointestinal system. These good bacteria promote healthy digestion, strengthen the immune system, and work to eliminate harmful and unhealthy bacteria from the body. Low levels of probiotics in the intestines can result in many unpleasant symptoms such as abdominal bloating and cramps, yeast infections, and food sensitivities. Bifidobacterium bifidumcan be added to the diet through the use of supplements or the consumption of yogurt containing live culture.

Bifidobacterium bifidum is one of many bacteria found in the human body. The digestive system is home to an estimated 500 different species of bacteria, including members of the Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroids families. In addition to these good bacteria, the human gut flora also includes a number of strains of yeast or fungi. Although the largest population of Bifidobacterium bifidum is located in the digestive system, lesser amounts are also found in the mouth, breast milk, and the vagina. Bifidobacterium bifidum known as B. bifidum, is a strain of bacteria commonly used as a probiotic. Probiotics are living microorganisms that simulate the beneficial bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. B. bifidum is one of many bacterial strains that occur naturally in the gut flora, living in the colon. The inclusion of B. bifidum in a dietary regimen provides the host with a variety of benefits.

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The properties about Benz[a]anthracene

Benz[a]anthracene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C18H12.
Name:  Benz[a]anthracene
Chemical Formula:  C18H12
CAS Number:  56-55-3
Synonyms:  Benzanthracene;Benzanthrene;Benzoanthracene;Benzo[a]anthracene; Benzo[b]phenanthrene;Tetraphene;1,2-Benzanthracene;1,2-Benzanthrene;1,2-Benzoanthracene; 1,2-Benz[a]anthracene;2,3-Benzophenanthrene; BA;Naphthanthracene;1,2-Benzanthrazen; 2,3-Benzphenanthrene;Rcra waste number U018
Appearance:  solid
Melting Point:  158 C
Boiling Point:  438 C
Stability:  Benz[a]anthracene  is Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Molecular Weight:  228.2879
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Enoxaparin Sodium prevents DVT

• 

Enoxaparin Sodium is obtained by alkaline depolymerization of heparin benzyl ester derived from porcine intestinal mucosa. Enoxaparin Sodium structure is characterized by a 2-O-sulfo-4-enepyranosuronic acid group at the non-reducing end and a 2-N,6-O-disulfo-D-glucosamine at the reducing end of the chain. About 20% (ranging between 15% and 25%) of the enoxaparin structure contains an 1,6 anhydro derivative on the reducing end of the polysaccharide chain. The drug substance is the sodium salt.

Enoxaparin Sodium  can prevent DVT, a blood clot that forms in a vein deep in the body, especially in the lower leg or thigh. Preventing these blood clots can prevent a pulmonary embolism, which is a sudden, potentially fatal, blockage in a lung artery that can occur if the blood clot breaks free and travels through the bloodstream to the lungs.

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Do you know Raw material supply short lactobacillus colon

There are some of Principle and effect about Raw material supply short lactobacillus colon:


1) for short cl.perfringen lactobacillus gram-positive bacterium, the optimum growth temperature is 37 degrees Celsius, absolute anaerobic, do not have high mobility, is the largest newborn intestinal flora.
2) of antibiotic resistant to acid, sensitive, mostly distributed in the colon, can inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria and the intestine to help digestion, decomposition of carbohydrates as many as 20 and natural antibiotic and lactic acid.


Raw material supply short lactobacillus colon is for short cl.perfringen lactobacillus gram-positive bacterium, the optimum growth temperature is 37 degrees Celsius, absolute anaerobic, do not have high mobility, is the largest newborn intestinal flora. Lactobacillus is a type of bacteria. There are lots of different species of lactobacillus.Raw material supply short lactobacillus colon  are "friendly" bacteria that normally live in our digestive, urinary, and genital systems without causing disease. Lactobacillus is also in some fermented foods like yogurt and in dietary supplements.

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Instructions for Uses of Lead Ingot

Ingots require a second procedure of shaping, such as cold/hot working, cutting or milling to produce a useful final product. Additionally ingots (of less common materials) can be used as currency, or as a currency reserve as with gold bars.

Lead is used in building construction, lead-acid batteries, bullets and shots, weights, as part of solders, pewters, fusible alloys and as a radiation shield. Lead has the highest atomic number of all of the stable elements, although the next higher element, bismuth, has a half-life that is so long (much longer than the age of the universe) that it can be considered stable. Its four stable isotopes have 82 protons, a magic number in the nuclear shell model of atomic nuclei.

Item name:  lead ingot

Application:  used for manufacturing lead batteries, lead-based alloy, cable coating, plumbing and lining equipment, radioactive and ray protective layer, etc.
The technical standard:   (GB/T469-2005)

Instructions for Uses of Lead Ingot:
Lead ingots should avoid acid and alkali corrosion and rain, so as to avoid product contamination should be removed before using the dust and debris in the surface

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Simple Introduction of High Purity Vc

Item Name: High purity Vc
Properties:
Appearance: translucenmt viscous liquid
Color: coffee color
Contents(Vc)：＞10%
PH（6%，20℃): 3-4
viscocity: 7300-9300

Vitamin C or L-ascorbic acid or L-ascorbate is an essential nutrient for humans and certain other animal species. In living organisms ascorbate acts as an antioxidant by protecting the body against oxidative stress. It is also a cofactor in at least eight enzymatic reactions including several collagen synthesis reactions that, when dysfunctional, cause the most severe symptoms of scurvy. In animals these reactions are especially important in wound-healing and in preventing bleeding from capillaries.

Ascorbate (an ion of ascorbic acid) is required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants. It is made internally by almost all organisms although notable mammalian group exceptions are most or all of the order chiroptera (bats), guinea pigs, capybaras, and one of the two major primate suborders, the Anthropoidea (Haplorrhini) (tarsiers, monkeys and apes, including human beings). Ascorbic acid is also not synthesized by some species of birds and fish. All species that do not synthesize ascorbate require it in the diet. Deficiency in this vitamin causes the disease scurvy in humans. It is also widely used as a food additive.

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General Introduction of Aluminum Section

Item Name: Aluminum section
Features: Appearance of the light, the original column. Application of thin-walled parts with aluminum and zinc or cast surface spray treatment on the surface has significant growth effect.
Uses: Mainly used in valves, electrical parts, accessories and other parts of the finishing, strengthening, matt, hyperchromic and other surface processing.
Aluminum is an abundant metallic chemical element which is widely used throughout the world for a wide range of products. Many consumers interact with some form of it on a daily basis, especially if they are active in the kitchen. The element has an atomic number of 13, and it is identified with the symbol Al on the periodic table of elements. It is classified in the poor metals, sharing the property of extreme malleability with metals like tin and lead. The international standard spelling is aluminium.

Aluminium or aluminum is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al, and its atomic number is 13. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances.

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What Is Ferro Niobium?

Cargo Name: Ferro Niobium
Packing: IN 250KGSTEEL DRUMS
Danger Grade: General Cargo
Niobium, ny-OH-bee-əm or columbium (/kəˈlʌmbiəm/ kə-LUM-bee-əm), is a chemical element with the symbol Nb and atomic number 41. It is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, which is often found in the pyrochlore mineral, the main commercial source for niobium, and columbite. The name comes from Greek mythology: Niobe, daughter of Tantalus.

Niobium has physical and chemical properties similar to those of the element tantalum, and the two are therefore difficult to distinguish. The English chemist Charles Hatchett reported a new element similar to tantalum in 1801 and named it columbium. In 1809, the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston wrongly concluded that tantalum and columbium were identical. The German chemist Heinrich Rose determined in 1846 that tantalum ores contain a second element, which he named niobium. In 1864 and 1865, a series of scientific findings clarified that niobium and columbium were the same element (as distinguished from tantalum), and for a century both names were used interchangeably. The name of the element was officially adopted as niobium in 1949.

It was not until the early 20th century that niobium was first used commercially. Brazil is the leading producer of niobium and ferroniobium, an alloy of niobium and iron. Niobium is used mostly in alloys, the largest part in special steel such as that used in gas pipelines. Although alloys contain only a maximum of 0.1%, that small percentage of niobium improves the strength of the steel. The temperature stability of niobium-containing superalloys is important for its use in jet and rocket engines. Niobium is used in various superconducting materials. These superconducting alloys, also containing titanium and tin, are widely used in the superconducting magnets of MRI scanners. Other applications of niobium include its use in welding, nuclear industries, electronics, optics, numismatics and jewelry. In the last two applications, niobium's low toxicity and ability to be colored by anodization are particular advantages.
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Side Effects of Iron Sucrose

Iron sucrose is an intravenous drug approved for treatment of iron deficiency anemia in adult patients suffering from kidney disease and being treated with hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis and/or the hormone erythropietin. Dialysis is a procedure that takes over for the kidneys, filtering blood and removing waste. Erythropietin helps stimulate the production of red blood cells.

Iron sucrose is an injectible medication that is designed to increase iron levels in the blood of those who have certain forms of anemia or kidney disease. These shots are typically administered at a doctor's office and are not approved for self-injection by the patient. Possible side effects of iron sucrose include pain or swelling at the injection site, dizziness, or headaches. Digestive problems such as nausea, diarrhea, or vomiting may also occur after receiving an injection containing this medication. A doctor should be consulted with any questions or concerns about the use of iron sucrose in an individual situation.

Side effects of iron sucrose treatment include low blood pressure, cramps, headaches, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Severe---sometimes fatal---immune system responses called hypersensitivity reactions have been reported in some patients treated with similar drugs. Although no fatal incidents were reported in clinical trials of iron sucrose, physicians should closely monitor patients receiving intravenous iron.

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Basic Knowledge of v-Akt phospho-Tyr326 AKT1 Polyclonal Antibody A

Akt, also known as Protein Kinase B (PKB), is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that plays a key role in multiple cellular processes such as glucose metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation, transcription and cell migration.

Akt1 is involved in cellular survival pathways, by inhibiting apoptotic processes. Akt1 is also able to induce protein synthesis pathways, and is therefore a key signaling protein in the cellular pathways that lead to skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and general tissue growth. Since it can block apoptosis, and thereby promote cell survival, Akt1 has been implicated as a major factor in many types of cancer. Akt (now also called Akt1) was originally identified as the oncogene in the transforming retrovirus, AKT8.

Item name: v-Akt phospho-Tyr326 AKT1 Polyclonal Antibody A
Specification: 100 µg
Applications: ELISA, WB-Ti
Immunogne: Rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against synthetic phosphopeptides of AKT1.

Polyclonal antibodies (or antisera) are antibodies that are obtained from different B cell resources. They are a combination of immunoglobulin molecules secreted against a specific antigen, each identifying a different epitope.

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Details of Lithium Sulfate Monohydrate

Lithium sulfate, also known as glutamic acid lithium. Colorless monoclinic crystal or white crystalline powder, soluble in water, insoluble in acetone and ethanol. 25 degrees, the water solubility of 25.7%. Α, β, γ - three kinds of polymorphs. α-white monoclinic crystal, β-, six-party crystallization of γ-type cubic crystal. Hygroscopicity. Monohydrate lithium sulfate crystallization from concentrated aqueous solution is very stable. The role of the treatment of manic-depressive psychosis.

Item Name: Lithium sulfate monohydrate
Formula : Li2SO4 . H2O
Molecular weight : 127.94
Details of Lithium Sulfate Monohydrate:
Appearance : Hygroscopic white crystal
Density : 2.06g/cm3 @20 °C
Melting points : Dehydrates between 72°C and 160°C
Water solubility : 29.9wt%@ 25 °C
Application : Mainly used as piezoelectric material
Packing : In plastic bag lined with PE bag, or according to customer's request.

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Simple Information of aFGF

Item name:aFGF
Purity: >97（％）
Activity: With the test
Toxicity: With the test
Specifications of aFGF:
Stock solution: 50 ml/100mL/500mL/1000mL (per bottle)
Powder: 0.1g/0.2g/0.5g/1g(per bottle)
Solvent agent: 10mL/50mL/100mL/500mL (per bottle)

Fibroblast growth factors, or FGFs, are a family of growth factors involved in angiogenesis, wound healing, and embryonic development. The FGFs are heparin-binding proteins and interactions with cell-surface-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycans have been shown to be essential for FGF signal transduction. FGFs are key players in the processes of proliferation and differentiation of wide variety of cells and tissues. In humans, 22 members of the FGF family have been identified, all of which are structurally related signaling molecules.

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Description of CRF (human, rat) Acetate

Item Name: CRF (human, rat) Acetate
Molecular Formula: C208H344N60O63S2
CAS No.: 86784-80-7
Sequence: Ser-Glu-Glu-Pro-Pro-Ile-Ser-Leu-Asp-Leu-Thr-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Arg-Glu-al-Leu-Glu-Met-Ala-Arg-Ala-Glu-Gln-Leu-Ala-Gln-Gln-Ala-His-Ser-Asn- Arg-Lys-Leu-Met-Glu-Ile-Ile-NH2
Item Categories: Peptide;CRF receptor and related
Description of CRF (human, rat) Acetate:
Purity (HPLC)                                 98%min.
Appearance                              White powder
Single Impurity (HPLC)              1.0%max
Amino Acid Composition       ±10% of theoretical
Peptide Content (N%)                 ≥80.0%
Water Content (Karl Fische        ≤6.0%
Acetate Content (HPIC)               ≤15.0%
MS (ESI)                                     Consistent
Mass Balance                             95.0~105.0%

A case report form (or CRF) is a paper or electronic questionnaire specifically used in clinical trial research. The Case Report Form is the tool used by the sponsor of the clinical trial to collect data from each participating site. All data on each patient participating in a clinical trial are held and/or documented in the CRF, including adverse events.

The sponsor of the clinical trial develops the CRF to collect the specific data they need in order to test their hypotheses or answer their research questions. The size of a CRF can range from a handwritten one-time 'snapshot' of a patient's physical condition to hundreds of pages of electronically captured data obtained over a period of weeks or months. (It can also include required check-up visits months after the patient's treatment has stopped.)
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Introduction of Ytterbium Fluoride

Ytterbium(III) fluoride (YbF3) is an inorganic chemical compound. Ytterbium fluoride, produces low-index film layers with extremely durable mechanical properties that exhibit good transparency in the UV through infrared (14 µm ) regions. The films are insoluble and show low stress, making compounds of Ytterbium Fluoride suitable for AR coatings in the 8 to 14 µm region, including high power CO2 laser coatings.

YbF3 and BaSO4 nanoparticles were incorporated into the powder component of Riva SC (SDI Ltd., Bayswater, Australia) at 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 25% by weight. Capsules were assembled at a powder:liquid ratio of 2.9:1, activated and mixed, and the resultant pastes evaluated for working time, initial setting time, 24-h surface hardness and 24-h compressive strength.
Ytterbium is a chemical element with the symbol Yb and atomic number 70. It is the fourteenth and penultimate element in the lanthanide series, or last element in the f-block, which is the basis of the relative stability of the +2 oxidation state. However, like the other lanthanides, the most common oxidation state is +3, seen in its oxide, halides and other compounds. In an aqueous solution, like compounds of other late lanthanides, soluble lutetium compounds form a complex with nine water molecules.

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Some Knowledge of 2-Cyclohexen-1-One

Item name: 2-cyclohexen-1-one

CAS No.: 930-68-7
Molecular formula: C6H8O
Molecular weight: 96.13
Purity(HPLC): 97%min (GC)
Appearance: Colorless liquid

Cyclohexen (1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrobenzol) ist eine farblose Flüssigkeit mit der Summenformel C6H10. Sie gehört zu den Cycloalkenen (cyclische Kohlenwasserstoffe mit mindestens einer Doppelbindung).

Glutathione is able to protect membrane proteins from oxidative stress. In ischemia/reperfusion injury, free radicals cause synaptosomal membrane protein and lipid oxidation that is prevented by the free radical scavenger N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (Hall N. C. et al. (1995) Neuroscience 64, 81-89; 69, 591-600). We wondered if diminution of glutathione would lead to further membrane alterations. Accordingly, the effects of glutathione depletion, by intraperitoneal administration of 2-cyclohexene-1-one, on the physical state of cortical synaptosomal membrane proteins and lipids, with and without global ischemia/reperfusion, were studied in vivo and in vitro in adult and aged gerbils utilizing electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry. 2-Cyclohexene-1-one (100 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 30 min prior to 10-min ischemia followed by 1 or 14 h reperfusion.

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Clinical Efficacy of Nevirapine

Nevirapine, also marketed under the trade name Viramune (Boehringer Ingelheim), is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) used to treat HIV-1 infection and AIDS. As with other antiretroviral drugs, HIV rapidly develops resistance if nevirapine is used alone, so recommended therapy consists of combinations of three or more antiretrovirals.

Nevirapine in triple combination therapy has been shown to suppress viral load effectively when used as initial antiretroviral therapy (i.e., in antiretroviral-naive patients). Some clinical trials have demonstrated comparable HIV suppression with nevirapine-based regimens to that achieved with protease inhibitors (PIs) or efavirenz. Although concerns have been raised about nevirapine-based regimens in those starting therapy with high viral load or low CD4 count, some analyses suggest that nevirapine may be effective in these patients.

Nevirapine may also form a useful component of salvage regimens after virological failure, usually in combination with one or more PIs as well as nRTIs, especially in those who have not previously taken an NNRTI.

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What Is Vinyl Fluoride?

Vinyl fluoride is an organic halide with the chemical formula C2H3F. It is a colorless gas with a faint etherlike odor. It is used as the monomeric precursor to the fluoropolymer polyvinylfluoride.

Vinyl fluoride (VF) is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on evidence of tumor induction at multiple organ sites in rats and mice. Inhalation exposure of rats to vinyl fluoride resulted in increased incidences of hepatic hemangiosarcomas, hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas, and Zymbal gland carcinomas; inhalation exposure of mice to VF resulted in increased incidences of hepatic hemangiosarcomas, bronchiolar-alveolar adenomas or adenocarcinomas, hepatocellular adenomas, mammary gland adenocarcinomas, and Harderian gland adenomas (Bogdanffy et al. 1995; IARC 1995). The tumor response to VF in laboratory animals is similar to the responses to vinyl chloride, a known human carcinogen (NTP 1998; IARC 1987), and to vinyl bromide, a probable human carcinogen (IARC 1986). A unique feature of vinyl chloride carcinogenicity is the induction of rare hepatic hemangiosarcomas in rats and mice and the causal association in epidemiological studies between vinyl chloride exposure and excess risk of hemangiosarcoma of the liver (NTP 1998). The fact that VF, vinyl chloride, and vinyl bromide induce rare hemangiosarcomas of the liver in experimental animals and induce the formation of similar DNA adducts suggests a possible common mechanism of carcinogenicity for these vinyl halides.

Vinyl fluoride is a member of the vinyl halide class. VF and the other vinyl halides are used ubiquitously in industry, especially in manufacture of plastics. They are easily polymerized and copolymerized with various materials, such as acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, and styrene, to form pliable lightweight plastics or thermoplastic resins (HSDB 1995). VF (C2H3F, mol wt 46.044, CASRN 75-02-5) also is known as fluoroethene. It is
a colorless gas at ambient temperature and pressure and is highly flammable. VF is used in the production of polyvinyl fluoride and other fluoropolymers and as an intermediate in organic synthesis.
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Features of 1,1-Difluoroethylene

Item Name: 1,1-Difluoroethylene
Molecular Formula: C2H2F2
CAS No.: 75-38-7
Features of 1,1-Difluoroethylene:
mw   64.03
mp  −144 °C(lit.)
bp  −83 °C(lit.)
density  0,617 g/cm3
vapor density  2.2 (vs air)
vapor pressure  518 psi ( 21 °C)
Fp  <-60°C

1,1-Difluoroethylene is a hydrofluoroolefin. Global production in 1999 was approximately 33,000 metric tons. It is primarily used in the production of fluoropolymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride. Laser Stark spectra are given for 1,1difluoroethylene (H2CCF2) using laser λ = 337 μm. Three families of resonances are analyzed, two of them being the related transitions J(Ka, Kc) = 47(40, 8) ← 46(40, 7) and 47(40, 7) ← 46(40, 6). Relationships between the two transitions permit the calculation of both the zero-field transition frequencies and the effective dipole moment. A third family is assigned as 38(32, 7) ← 37(30, 8). The Stark shift is quasi-linear with E field, dominated by near-degenerate doublet interactions. Extended measurements and a reanalysis of the microwave spectrum are reported, in connection with the analysis of the far infrared spectrum.

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Wikipedia's Definition of Stanozolol

Stanozolol, commonly sold under the name Winstrol (oral), Tenabol and Winstrol Depot (intramuscular), is a synthetic anabolic steroid derived from dihydrotestosterone. It was developed by Winthrop Laboratories (Sterling Drug) in 1962, and has been approved by the FDA for human use.

Unlike most injectable anabolic steroids, stanozolol is not esterified and is sold as an aqueous suspension, or in oral tablet form. The drug has a high oral bioavailability, due to a C17 α-alkylation which allows the hormone to survive first-pass liver metabolism when ingested. It is because of this that stanozolol is also sold in tablet form.

Stanozolol is usually considered a safer choice for female bodybuilders in that its anabolic effects predominate over its androgenic effects, although virilization and masculinization are still very common even at low doses.

Stanozolol has been used in both animal and human patients for a number of conditions. In humans, it has been demonstrated to be successful in treating anaemia and hereditary angioedema. Veterinarians may prescribe the drug to improve muscle growth, red blood cell production, increase bone density and stimulate the appetite of debilitated or weakened animals.

Stanozolol is one of the anabolic steroids commonly used as a performance enhancing drug and is banned from use in sports competition under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) and many other sporting bodies. Additionally, stanozolol has been used in US horse racing.

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General Introduction of Testosterone Enanthate

Testosterone enanthate is an ester of the naturally-occurring steroid hormone testosterone. In the body, it is directly involved in the production of semen. As an androgen, it also stimulates muscle growth and increases bone density. It is used for a number of medical purposes, including hormone replacement therapy. Users must inject it directly into the muscle tissue. Typical dosages vary, and individuals must take care to avoid a number of injection site complications.

For males, testosterone entanthate is prescribed for conditions such as primary hypogonadism, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and delayed puberty. Doctors may prescribe it for females with metastatic mammary cancer.

Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group and is found in mammals, reptiles, birds, and other vertebrates. In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the testicles of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands. It is the principal male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid.

In men, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as the testis and prostate as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle, bone mass, and the growth of body hair. In addition, testosterone is essential for health and well-being as well as the prevention of osteoporosis.

On average, an adult human male body produces about 7-8 times more testosterone than an adult human female body, but females are more sensitive to the hormone. Testosterone is observed in most vertebrates. Fish make a slightly different form called 11-ketotestosterone. Its counterpart in insects is ecdysone. These ubiquitous steroids suggest that sex hormones have an ancient evolutionary history.

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Some Information of Anti-GABA-ARα1 γ1

Item name: Anti-GABA-ARα1 γ1

Specification: 100ul/200ul/1ml

The GABA receptors are a class of receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system. There are two classes of GABA receptors: GABAA and GABAB.

GABAA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels (also known as ionotropic receptors), whereas GABAB receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (also known as metabotropic receptors).

It has long been recognized that the fast response of neurons to GABA that is blocked by bicuculline and picrotoxin is due to direct activation of an anion channel. This channel was subsequently termed the GABAA receptor. Fast-responding GABA receptors are members of family of Cys-loop ligand-gated ion channels. Members of this superfamily, which includes nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, GABAA receptors, glycine and 5-HT3 receptors, possess a characteristic loop formed by a disulfide bond between two cysteine residues.

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Knowledge of Vital Wheat Gluten

Wheat gluten, also called wheat meat, mock duck, gluten meat, or simply gluten, is a food made from gluten, the main protein of wheat. It is made by washing wheat flour dough with water until all the starch dissolves, leaving insoluble gluten as an elastic mass which is then cooked before being eaten.

Wheat gluten is an alternative to soybean-based meat substitutes such as tofu. Some types of wheat gluten have a chewy or stringy texture that resembles meat more than other substitutes. Wheat gluten is often used instead of meat in Asian, vegetarian, Buddhist, and macrobiotic cuisines. Simulated duck is a common use for wheat gluten.

Bread bakers often add vital wheat gluten to bread dough to enhance the dough and improve the baked results of bread. Vital wheat gluten is especially beneficial when you add it to breads that contain whole wheat and rye grains because it produces higher and lighter loaves of bread. Because vital wheat gluten is pure protein derived from the wheat kernel, storing this grain is similar to storing any flour product.

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Uses of Raw Material Supply Short Lactobacillus Colon

Raw material supply short lactobacillus colon is a common kind of lactobacillus. It is mainly used:

• for short cl.perfringen lactobacillus gram-positive bacterium, the optimum growth temperature is 37 degrees Celsius, absolute anaerobic, do not have high mobility, is the largest newborn intestinal flora.
• as antibiotic resistant to acid, sensitive, mostly distributed in the colon. Raw material supply short lactobacillus colon can inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria and the intestine to help digestion, decomposition of carbohydrates as many as 20 and natural antibiotic and lactic acid, larger pieces of food get broken down into smaller pieces while being prepared for chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion starts in the mouth and continues into the stomach.

The colon is the last part of the digestive system in most vertebrates; it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body, and is the site in which flora-aided (largely bacterial) fermentation of unabsorbed material occurs. Unlike the small intestine, the colon does not play a major role in absorption of foods and nutrients. However, the colon does absorb water, sodium and some fat soluble vitamins.

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Description of PPAHV

Item name: PPAHV
CAS NO: 175796-50-6
Molecular formula: C39H44O11
Molecular weight: 688.77
Product description: PPAHV is soluble in DMSO and in ethanol and Non-pungent resiniferatoxin-type phorboid vanilloid. Agonist at rat TRPV1 (EC50 between 3 and 10?M) but virtually inactive at human TRPV1 (EC50>10?M). Induces apoptosis through a TRPV-independent mechanism. Tumor promotor.

Mutation of methionine  547 in S4 of rat TRPV1 to leucine, found in human TRPV1 (M547L), reduced the ability of PPAHV to activate TRPV1 by approximately 20 fold. The reciprocal mutation of human TRPV1 (L547M) enabled the human receptor to respond to PPAHV. These mutations did not significantly affect the agonist activity of capsaicin, resiniferatoxin (RTX) or olvanil in [Ca2+]i assays. Introducing the equivalent mutation into guinea pig TRPV1 (L549M) increased the agonist potency of PPAHV by > 10 fold in the [Ca2+]i assay and increased the amplitude of the evoked current.  The rat M547L mutation reduced the affinity of RTX binding. Determinants of capsazepine  and PPAHV function in TRPV1.
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Properties of Isonipectoamide

Item name: Isonipectoamide
CAS: 39546-32-2
Molecular Formula: C6H12N2O
Formula Weight: 128.17
Properties of Isonipectoamide:
Density: 1.06 g/cm3
Melting Point: 145-148 °C
Boiling Point: 311.7 ºC at 760 mmHg
Flash Point: 142.3 ºC
Appearance: White to light yellow crystalline powder.
Use: Used as medicine intermediate.

In (IV), head-to-tail primary cation-anion associations are extended longitudinally into chains through the water-bridged cation associations, and laterally by piperidinium-carboxylate N-H···O and water-carboxylate O-H···O hydrogen bonds. The structures reported here further demonstrate the utility of the isonipecotamide cation as a synthon for the generation of stable hydrogen-bonded structures. An additional example of cation-anion association with this cation is also shown in the asymmetric three-centre piperidinium-carboxylate N-H···O,O' interaction in the first-reported structure of a 2:1 isonipecotamide-carboxylate salt.

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