Thursday, May 31, 2012

Properties of Aviptadil Acetate


Item Name: Aviptadil Acetate
Molecular Formula: C147H238N44O42S
CAS No.: 40077-57-4
Sequence:  His-Ser-Asp-Ala-Val-Phe-Thr-Asp-Asn-Tyr-Thr-Arg-Leu-Arg-Lys-Gln-Met- Ala-Val-Lys-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asn-Ser-Ile-Leu-Asn-NH2
Properties of  Aviptadil Acetate:
Purity (HPLC)                                  98%min.
Appearance                                White powder
Single Impurity (HPLC)                 1.0%max
Amino Acid Composition         ±10% of theoretical
Peptide Content (N%)                   ≥80.0%
Water Content (Karl Fischer)       ≤6.0%
Acetate Content (HPIC)                  ≤10.0%
MS (ESI)                                        Consistent
Mass Balance                               95.0~105.0%

Aviptadil (INN) is an analog of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. The FDA also recommended that Senetek conduct a two-year rodent study of aviptadil as a result of previously reported brown adipose tissue proliferations observed in the course of a competitor's rodent study in which phentolamine mesylate was administered daily. In August 2000, the MCA lifted the hold on trials stating the findings do not represent a significant carcinogenic risk in man. In October 2000, marketing approval in the UK was granted by the MCA. Regulatory filings in other European countries are underway to seek pan-European approval for aviptadil under the Mutual Recognition Process.

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Description of Methyl Caprylate

The reactivity of a methyl group depends on the adjacent substituents. Methyl groups can be quite unreactive. For example, in organic compounds, the methyl group resists attack by even the strongest acids. The methyl radical has the formula CH3. It exists in dilute gases, but in more concentrated form it readily dimerizes to ethane. It can be produced by thermal decomposition of only certain compounds, especially those with an -N=N- linkage.

Methyl caprylate is used in the synthesis of cosmetics, detergent intermediates, spice, essence, lubricating materials, and so on.

Item name:Methyl caprylate
CAS:111-11-5
Fomular:C9 H18 O2
Molecular weight:158.2380200 g/mol
Description of Methyl Caprylate:
molar refractivity : 45.51 ± 0.3 cm3
parachor : 414.9 ± 4.0 cm3
index of refraction : 1.418 ± 0.02
surface tension : 27.8 ± 3.0 dyne/cm
density : 0.876 ± 0.06 g/cm3
polarizability : 18.04 ± 0.5 10-24cm3
XlogP : 3.30
appearance:colorless clear oily liquid
specific gravity:0.87500 to 0.88100 @ 25.00 °C
boiling point :194.00 to 195.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

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General Information About sc-KIT/sCD117 ELISA Kit


Item name: sc-KIT/sCD117 ELIS Kit
Specification :96Test

People can buy the best cost-effective sc-KIT/sCD117 ELIS Kit in Master Germany Co., Ltd. production. Welcome to buy sc-KIT/sCD117 ELIS Kit as long as sc-KIT/sCD117 ELIS Kit is your best choice. Welcome to contact the company anytime.

Performing an ELISA involves at least one antibody with specificity for a particular antigen. The sample with an unknown amount of antigen is immobilized on a solid support (usually a polystyrene microtiter plate) either non-specifically (via adsorption to the surface) or specifically (via capture by another antibody specific to the same antigen, in a "sandwich" ELISA). After the antigen is immobilized, the detection antibody is added, forming a complex with the antigen. The detection antibody can be covalently linked to an enzyme, or can itself be detected by a secondary antibody that is linked to an enzyme through bioconjugation. Between each step, the plate is typically washed with a mild detergent solution to remove any proteins or antibodies that are not specifically bound. After the final wash step, the plate is developed by adding an enzymatic substrate to produce a visible signal, which indicates the quantity of antigen in the sample.

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Where to Buy Selectin-B ELISA Kit


Item name: selectin-B ELISA Kit
Specification: 96Test

Selectins (cluster of differentiation 62 or CD62) are a family of cell adhesion molecules (or CAMs). All selectins are single-chain transmembrane glycoproteins that share similar properties to C-type lectins due to a related amino terminus and calcium-dependent binding. Selectins bind to sugar moieties and so are considered to be a type of lectin, cell adhesion proteins that bind sugar polymers.

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The Safety of Allyl Chloride


Item Name: Allyl chloride
Molecular Formula: C3H5Cl
CAS No.: 107-05-1

Allyl chloride is the organic compound with the formula CH2=CHCH2Cl. This colorless liquid is insoluble in water but soluble in common organic solvents. It is mainly converted to epichlorohydrin, used in the production of plastics. It is a chlorinated derivative of propylene.
Allyl chloride is highly toxic and flammable. Eye effects may be delayed and may lead to possible impairment of vision.

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1,2,3-Trichloropropene's Effects of Exposure



1,2,3-Trichloropropane (1,2,3-Trichloropropene or TCP ) is a chemical compound that is commonly used as an industrial solvent. Although it is not currently labeled as a contaminant by the United States federal government, new research shows that it could have severe health effects. Currently, only California has significant regulation on this compound.

Humans can be exposed to TCP by inhaling its fumes or through skin contact and ingestion. TCP is recognized in California as a human carcinogen, and extensive animal studies have shown that it causes cancer. Short term exposure to TCP can cause throat and eye irritation and can affect muscle coordination and concentration. Long term exposure can affect body weight and kidney function.

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Basic Definition of Methenolone


Item name: Methenolone
CAS :153-00-4
Molecular Formula: C20H30O2
Molecular Weight :302.45 g/mol
Description: Metenolone, or methenolone, is a long acting anabolic steroid with small androgenic (testosterone or andosterone) properties.

Metenolone (methenolone, Nibal, Primbolan) is a long-acting anabolic steroid with weak androgenic (testosterone or androsterone-like) properties. It is supplied as the acetate ester for oral administration and as the enanthate ester for intramuscular injection. Adult doses for the treatment of aplastic anemia are usually in a range of 1-3 mg/kg per day.

The pharmaceutical category to which methenolone belongs is anabolic steroids. These drugs are used to induce tissue growth by producing more protein. This process is known as anabolism, and the tissue enhancement leads to bulkier muscles.

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What Is Methenolone Enanthane?

Item name: Methenolone Enanthane
CAS: 303-42-4
Molecular Formula: C27H42O3
Molecular Weight: 414.62 g/mol
Description: This product is white or off-white crystal powder.
Metenolone enanthate (or methenolone enanthate) is a dihydrotestosterone (DHT) based anabolic steroid. It is an ester derivative of methenolone sold commonly under the brand names Primobolan (tablet form) or Primobolan Depot (injectable). When it interacts with the aromatase enzyme it does not form any estrogens.

Methenolone enanthane is used by people who are very susceptible to estrogenic side effects, having lower estrogenic properties than nandrolone. Methenolone, in form of enanthate and acetate, is available as an injection or as an oral respectively. The injection is naturally regarded as having a higher bioavailability.

Methenolone enanthate, widely known as Primobolan or Primobol - an anabolic steroid, a derivative of dihydrotestosterone with low androgenic activity and a moderate anabolic effect. Available in tablets (Primobolan) and injectable (Primobolan Depot). Many athletes compare it efficiency with Masteron Primobolan.

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General Description of Testosterone Phenylpropionate



Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group and is found in mammals, reptiles, birds, and other vertebrates. In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the testicles of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands. It is the principal male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid.

Item Name: Testosterone Phenylpropionate
Chemical Name: 4-Androsten-17β-ol-3-one Phenpropionate
Molecular Formula: C28H36O3
CAS No.: 1255-49-8
Description: white or almost white crystalline powder
Specification: BP2003
Testosterone phenylpropionate has an active life of 4-5 day. Release time-wise, it is directly in the middle of the Propionate (short) and Cypionate (long) versions of Testosterone. It is recommended to inject testosterone phenylpropionate two times per week, although many prefer every third day.

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The Explanation of Testosterone Undecanoate



Andriol, is a unique version of testosterone undecanoate developed by Organon. This version of testosterone is based in oil and is sealed in a capsule to be taken orally. According to the manufacturer, this method bypasses the liver and enters the body as a fat through the lymphatic system.

Testosterone undecanoate is the chemical name of active ingredient in Andriol. Andriol is a registered trademark of Organon Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.

Testosterone undecanoate or testosterone undecylate is an ester of testosterone which is used for the treatment of male hypogonadism, and is currently under research for use as a male contraceptive. It is sold and distributed under the brand names Andriol, Undestor, Nebido, Pantestone, Restandol, Cernos Depot and Nebido-R and Reandron 1000.

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Methylenedioxypyrovalerone's Appearance


Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a psychoactive drug with stimulant properties which acts as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). First developed in 1969, it remained an obscure stimulant until around 2004 when it was reportedly sold as a designer drug. It is also known as MDPK, MTV, Magic, Maddie, Black Rob, Super Coke, PV and Peeve. Products labeled as "bath salts" containing MDPV are sold as recreational drugs in gas stations and convenience stores, similar to the marketing for Spice and K2 as incense.

Incidents of psychological and physical harm have been attributed to MDPV use.

Methylenedioxypyrovalerone exists as a very fine, hygroscopic, crystalline powder that tends to clump to itself, resembling something like powdered sugar. Its color can range from pure white to a yellowish-tan and has a slight odor that strengthens as it colors. Impurities are likely to consist of either pyrrolidine or alpha-dibrominated alkylphenones from either excess pyrrolidine or incomplete amination, respectively, during synthesis. These impurities likely account for its discoloration and fishy (pyrrolidine) or bromine-like odor, which worsens upon exposure to air, moisture, or bases.

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Basic Introduction of d-α-Tocopherol Acid Polyethylene Glycol 1000 Succinate


alpha-Tocopherol is the main source found in supplements and in the European diet, where the main dietary sources are olive and sunflower oils, while gamma-tocopherol is the most common form in the American diet due to a higher intake of soybean and corn oil.,

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a polyether compound with many applications from industrial manufacturing to medicine. The structure of PEG is (note the repeated element in parentheses):
 HO-CH2-(CH2-O-CH2-)n-CH2-OH
PEG is also known as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE), depending on its molecular weight, and under the tradename Carbowax.

D-α-tocopherol acid polyethylene glycol1000 succinate (TPGS) is a light yellow to yellow waxy solid with the physiological activity and stability of natural vitamin E fuction, and a unique role in requlating immune function and anti-cancer. Nowadays, it's being widely used as the raw materials of drugs, healthy food, drug prevention and treatment. This Product should be preserved in tightly closed containers protected from light, heat, and air.
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Wednesday, May 30, 2012

Reactions of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT)


Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), also known as butylhydroxytoluene, is a lipophilic (fat-soluble) organic compound, chemically a derivative of phenol, that is useful for its antioxidant properties. European and U.S. regulations allow small percentages to be used as a food additive, but that is not without controversy as there are claimed links to child hyperactivity as well as to cancer. Conversely, BHT is advocated as a diet supplement and antiviral useful against herpes family viruses. While there may be some dispute in BHT's use in the human diet, the chemical is widely used in industry wherever oxidation in fluids (e.g. fuel, oil) and other materials must be treated, and free radicals must be kept in-check.

The species behaves as a synthetic analogue of vitamin E, primarily acting as a terminating agent that suppresses autoxidation, a process whereby unsaturated (usually) organic compounds are attacked by atmospheric oxygen. BHT stops this autocatalytic reaction by converting peroxy radicals to hydroperoxides. It affects this function by donating a hydrogen atom:
 RO2. + ArOH → ROOH + ArO. RO2. + ArO. → nonradical products

where R is alkyl or aryl, and where ArOH is BHT or related phenolic antioxidants. Each BHT consumes two peroxy radicals.
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Overview of High Corrosion Resistance of Electroless Nickel Plating

Electroless nickel plating (EN) is an auto-catalytic chemical technique used to deposit a layer of nickel-phosphorus or nickel-boron alloy on a solid workpiece, such as metal or plastic. The process relies on the presence of a reducing agent, for example hydrated sodium hypophosphite (NaPO2H2·H2O) which reacts with the metal ions to deposit metal. The alloys with different percentage of phosphorus, ranging from 2-5 (low phosphorus) to up to 11-14 (high phosphorus) are possible. The metallurgical properties of alloys depend on the percentage of phosphorus.
High Phosphorus electroless nickel offers high corrosion resistance, making it ideal for industry standards requiring protection from highly corrosive acidic environments such as oil drilling and coal mining. With microhardness ranging up to 600 VPN, this type ensures very little surface porosity where pit-free plating is required and is not prone to staining. Deposits are non-magnetic when phosporous content is greater than 11.2%.

Electroless nickel plating is an auto-catalytic reaction used to deposit a coating of nickel on a substrate. Unlike electroplating, it is not necessary to pass an electric current through the solution to form a deposit. This plating technique is to prevent corrosion and wear. EN techniques can also be used to manufacture composite coatings by suspending powder in the bath.

Electroless nickel plating has several advantages versus electroplating. Free from flux-density and power supply issues, it provides an even deposit regardless of workpiece geometry, and with the proper pre-plate catalyst, can deposit on non-conductive surfaces.
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Nickel(II) Oxide's Production


Nickel(II) oxide is the chemical compound with the formula NiO. It is notable as being the only well characterized oxide of nickel (although nickel(III) oxide, Ni2O3 and NiO2 have been claimed[1]). The mineralogical form of NiO, bunsenite, is very rare. It is classified as a basic metal oxide. Several million kilograms are produced in varying quality annually, mainly as an intermediate in the production of nickel alloys.

NiO can be prepared by multiple methods. Upon heating above 400 °C, nickel powder reacts with oxygen to give NiO. In some commercial processes, green nickel oxide is made by heating a mixture of nickel powder and water at 1000 °C, the rate for this reaction can be increased by the addition of NiO. The simplest and most successful method of preparation is through pyrolysis of a nickel(II) compounds such as the hydroxide, nitrate, and carbonate, which yield a light green powder. Synthesis from the elements by heating the metal in oxygen can yield grey to black powders which indicates nonstoichiometry.

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The Safety of Chromium Anhydride

 Chromium anhydride



Chromium trioxide (also known as chromium anhydride) is the inorganic compound with the formula CrO3. It is the acidic anhydride of chromic acid, and is sometimes marketed under the same name. This compound is a dark-red/orange brown solid, which dissolves in water concomitant with hydrolysis. Millions of kilograms are produced annually, mainly for electroplating.

Chromium trioxide is highly toxic, corrosive, and carcinogenic. It is the main example of hexavalent chromium, an environmental hazard. The related chromium(III) derivatives are not particularly dangerous; thus, reductants are used to destroy chromium(VI) samples.

Chromium trioxide, being a powerful oxidizer, will ignite some organic materials (such as ethanol) on contact.
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Sumatriptan's Mode of Action

Sumatriptan is a synthetic drug belonging to the triptan class, used for the treatment of migraine headaches. Structurally, it is an analog of the naturally-occurring neuro-active alkaloids dimethyltryptamine (DMT), bufotenine, and 5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine, with an N-methyl sulfonamidomethyl- group at position C-5 on the indole ring.

Sumatriptan is structurally similar to serotonin (5HT), and is a 5-HT (types 5-HT1D and 5-HT1B) agonist. The specific receptor subtypes it activates are present on the cranial arteries and veins. Acting as an agonist at these receptors, sumatriptan reduces the vascular inflammation associated with migraine.

The specific receptor subtype it activates is present in the cranial and basilar arteries. Activation of these receptors causes vasoconstriction of those dilated arteries. Sumatriptan is also shown to decrease the activity of the trigeminal nerve, which, it is presumed, accounts for sumatriptan's efficacy in treating cluster headaches. The injectable form of the drug has been shown to abort a cluster headache within fifteen minutes in 96% of cases.
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Chemical Properties of 1,3-Indandione


Item name: 1,3-Indandione
CAS No.: 606-23-5
Molecular formula: C9H6O2
Molecular weight: 146.15
Purity(HPLC): 98%min
Appearance: Yellow crystal
Melting point: 129-132℃

1,3-Indandione is an aromatic trans-fixed β-diketone. In standard conditions it is referred to in different sources as either colorless or yellowish, green, or (most commonly) yellow solid.

1,3-Indandione is a very strong C-nucleophile. It undergoes self-condensation quite easily, resulting in bindone.Bromination occurs a the 2-position. 1,3-Indandione could be reduced to indanone, 3-hydroxy-1-indanone, 1,3-indanediol or even indane, depending on the method used.

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Side Effects of Saquinavir Mesylate



Item name: Saquinavir Mesylate
CAS: 149845-06-7
Molecular Formula: C39H54N6O8S
Formula Weight: 766.95g/mol
Description: Saquinavir mesylate (SQV) is a commonly prescribed protease inhibitor that is recommended to be boosted with a subtherapeutic dose of RTV.

Check with your doctor if any of these most common side effects persist or become bothersome when using Saquinavir Mesylate:
Anxiety; blurred vision; body fat changes; changes in sexual desire; constipation; diarrhea; dizziness; dry lips or skin; gas; headache; heartburn; mouth sores; nausea; night sweats; sleeplessness; stomach discomfort; taste changes; tenderness or bleeding of the gums; tiredness; vomiting; warts; weight gain
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Applications of E-Module CS6A Components


E - Module CS6A component is 48 piece by piece composed, crystal cell efficiently high-quality strong all black aluminum alloy frame. It is widely used in large independent and grid system of solar power. With many years of experience in the design of the o winters process engineer according to the solar energy components materials and illumination characteristics and installation of convenient, e-Module CS6A components optimize the solar-cell arrangement of components and size. Company's internal various accords with the international test standard test guarantees the sun power components rafa o in extreme weather conditions to work properly.

Applications of E-Module CS6A Components:
• grid-connected residential solar roof systems
• grid-connected commercial or industrial building solar roof systems
• The solar power station
• Other Grid Applications

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Simple Description of 4-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-Butanone

 4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanone


Butanone, also known as methyl ethyl ketone or MEK, is an organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)CH2CH3. This colorless liquid ketone has a sharp, sweet odor reminiscent of butterscotch and acetone. It is produced industrially on a large scale, and also occurs in trace amounts in nature. It is soluble in water and is commonly used as an industrial solvent.

Butanone is biosynthesized by some trees and found in some fruits and vegetables in small amounts. It is released to the air from car and truck exhausts.

Item name: 4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanone
CAS: 55418-52-5
Molecular Weight: 192.21g/mol
Molecular Formula: C11H12O3
Description: 4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanone is a pale yellow liquid.It is soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, but insoluble in water. It is always used for the floral fragrance of flavor enhancer.

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Some Knowledge of 3X Flag Peptide

 3X Flag Peptide

Item name: 3X Flag Peptide
Molecular Formula: C120H169N31O49S1
Molecular Weight: 2861.87g/mol
Description: This product is lyophilized powder. 3X Flag Peptide is used in competitive elution of 3X FLAG fusion proteins from the ANTI-FLAG M2 monoclonal antibody in solution or bound to agarose on the ANTI-FLAG M2 agarose affinity gel. 3X Flag Peptide is also used for laboratory use only but not for drug, household or other uses. This product shoud be sealed between 2-8°C.

The 3xFLAG system is an improvement upon the original system by fusing 3 tandem FLAG® epitopes for a total of 22 amino acids (Figure 1). Detection of fusion proteins containing 3xFLAG is enhanced up to 200 times more than any other system. Like the original FLAG tag, 3xFLAG is hydrophilic, contains an Enterokinase cleavage site, and is relatively small. Therefore, the risk of altering protein function, blocking other epitopes or decreasing solubility is minimized. In cases of low-level expression, 3xFLAG is ideal. Our selection of CMV vectors provides options for transient or stable expression of 3xFLAG fusion proteins.
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The Preparation of Tetrakis(Triphenylphosphine)Palladium(0)

 Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(o)

Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) is the chemical compound Pd[P(C6H5)3]4, often abbreviated Pd(PPh3)4, or even PdP4. It is a bright yellow crystalline solid that becomes brown upon decomposition in air.

Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) was first prepared by Lamberto Malatesta and his group in Milan in the 1960s by reduction of sodium chloropalladate with hydrazine in the presence of the phosphine. It is commercially available, but can be prepared in two steps from Pd(II) precursors:

 PdCl2 + 2 PPh3 → cis-PdCl2(PPh3)2
cis-PdCl2(PPh3)2 + 2 PPh3 + 2.5 N2H4 → Pd(PPh3)4 + 0.5 N2 + 2 N2H5+Cl-

Both steps may be carried out in a one-pot reaction, without isolating and purifying the cis-PdCl2(PPh3)2 intermediate. Reductants other than hydrazine can be employed. The compound is sensitive to air, but can be purified by washing with methanol to give the desired yellow powder. It is usually stored cold under argon.
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Properties of Vinylmagnesium Bromide

 Vinylmagnesium bromide


Item name:Vinylmagnesium bromide
CAS:1826-67-1
Molecular Formula:C2H3BrMg
Formula Weight:131.25
Properties of Vinylmagnesium Bromide:
Density:0.981 g/mL at 25 °C
Flash Point:-17 oC
Solubility:vigorous reaction.
Storage:Refrigerator.
Soubility:vigorous reaction
Use:Used as medicine intermediate.

A bromide is a chemical compound containing a bromide ion, that is a bromine atom with an effective charge of −1. The class name can include ionic compounds such as caesium bromide or covalent compounds such as sulfur dibromide.

Bromide is present in typical seawater (35 PSU) with a concentration of around 65 mg/L, which is around 0.2% of all dissolved salts. Seafoods and deep sea plants generally have high levels of bromide, while foods derived from land have variable amounts.

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Specifications of Melanotan I Acetate

Afamelanotide is the International Nonproprietary Name for the molecule [Nle4, D-Phe7]α-MSH [2] initially researched and developed as melanotan-1 and later, CUV1647 [by Clinuvel]. A marketing trade name for one brand of afamelanotide was recently approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) Name Review Group (NRG) and the Agency's Committee for Human Medicinal Products (CHMP) as Scenesse (pronounced "sen-esse"). On May 5, 2010 the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA - Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco) became the first governmental health organization ever (even before the drug received approval in Europe) to authorize afamelanotide as a medicine for therapeutic treatment of Italian citizens to reduce painful photosensitivity stemming from the orphan disease of a "grain of rice" sized bioabsorbable subcutaneous implant as a potential therapeutic photoprotection inducing agent for a series of light related skin indications.
 MelanotanⅠ Acetate
Item Name: MelanotanⅠ Acetate
Molecular Formula: C78H111N21O19
CAS No.: 75921-69-6
Properties of Melanotan I Acetate:
density  1.43
storage temp.  -20°C
solubility  H2O: 5 mg/mL, soluble
form  solid
Specifications of Melanotan I Acetate:
Purity (HPLC)                                        98%min.
Appearance                                        White powder
Single Impurity (HPLC)                      1.0%max
Amino Acid Composition               ±10% of theoretical
Peptide Content (N%)                         ≥80.0%
Water Content (Karl Fischer)             ≤5.0%
Acetate Content (HPIC)                       ≤10.0%
MS (ESI)                                              Consistent
Mass Balance                                     95.0~105.0%
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Much Information About Aronia Melanocarpa Extract


Aronia, the chokeberries, are two to three species of deciduous shrubs in the family Rosaceae, native to eastern North America. They are most commonly found in wet woods and swamps. Chokeberries are cultivated as ornamental plants and also because they are very high in antioxidant pigment compounds, like anthocyanins. The name "chokeberry" comes from the astringency of the fruits, which are inedible when raw. The berries can be used to make wine, jam, syrup, juice, soft spreads, tea and tinctures. The fruits are eaten by birds, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings; birds do not taste astringency and feed on them freely.

The chokeberries are attractive ornamental plants for gardens. They are naturally understory and woodland edge plants, and grow well when planted under trees. Chokeberries are resistant to drought, insects, pollution, and disease. Several cultivars have been developed for garden planting, including A. arbutifolia 'Brilliant', selected for its striking fall leaf color. A. melanocarpa 'Viking' and 'Nero' were selected for larger fruit suitable for jam-making, and because they are self-fertile only one plant is needed to produce fruit.

Juice from these berries is astringent and not sweet, but high in vitamin C and antioxidants. The berries can be used to make wine, jam, syrup, juice, soft spreads, and tea. In The U.S. aronia berries are used in mass-marketed juice blends for color and marketed for their antioxidant properties. The Voruta label exports a Chokeberry wine from Lithuania. In Poland they are dried to make a herbal tea. The tea is usually a blend with other more flavorful ingredients including blackcurrant. Aronia is also used as a flavoring or colorant for beverages or yogurts.

The red chokeberry's fruit is more palatable and can be eaten raw. It has a sweeter flavor than the black species and is used to make jam or pemmican.
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Basic Information of Strep B-Screen ELISA Kit

 Strep B-Screen ELISA Kit

Item name: Strep B-Screen ELISA Kit
Specification: 96Test

In addition to streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat), certain Streptococcus species are responsible for many cases of meningitis, bacterial pneumonia, endocarditis, erysipelas and necrotizing fasciitis (the 'flesh-eating' bacterial infections). However, many streptococcal species are nonpathogenic. Indeed, streptococci are a necessary ingredient in Emmentaler ("Swiss") cheese. They are also part of the normal commensal microbiome of the mouth, skin, intestine, and upper respiratory tract of humans.

As a rule, individual species of Streptococcus are classified based on their hemolytic properties. Alpha hemolysis is caused by an oxidation of iron in hemoglobin, giving it a greenish color on blood agar. Beta hemolysis is complete rupture of red blood cells, giving distinct, wide, clear areas around bacterial colonies on blood agar. Other streptococci are labeled as gamma-hemolytic, actually a misnomer, as no hemolysis takes place.
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Simple Explanation of sIL-18R ELISA Kit

 sIL-18R ELISA Kit
Interleukins are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins/signaling molecules) that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes). The term interleukin derives from (inter-) "as a means of communication", and (-leukin) "deriving from the fact that many of these proteins are produced by leukocytes and act on leukocytes". The name is something of a relic, though (the term was coined by Dr. Vern Paetkau, University of Victoria); it has since been found that interleukins are produced by a wide variety of body cells. The function of the immune system depends in a large part on interleukins, and rare deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune diseases or immune deficiency. The majority of interleukins are synthesized by helper CD4+ T lymphocytes, as well as through monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. They promote the development and differentiation of T, B, and hematopoietic cells.

Product name: sIL-18R ELISA Kit
Specification: 96Test

Human sIL-18R ELISA kit is to be used for the in vitro quantitative determination of sIL-18R concentrations in serum, plasma, cell culture supernatant, tissue fluid.and other biological fluids. This kit is intended for laboratory use only and is not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.

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Breif Information of 2-Chloro-1,3-Butadiene


Item Name: 2-Chloro-1,3-Butadiene
Molecular Formula: C4H5Cl
CAS No.; 126-99-8
Synonyms: 1,3-Butadiene, 2-chloro-;1,3-Chloro-2-butadiene;2-Chloor-1,3-butadieen;2-Chlor-1,3-butadien;2-chloro-1,3-butadiene(chloroprene);2-chloro-1,3-butadiene(chloroprene)(50%inxylene);2-chloro-3-butadiene;2-chloro-buta-1,3-diene

1,3-Butadiene is a simple conjugated diene with the formula C4H6. It is an important industrial chemical used as a monomer in the production of synthetic rubber. When the word butadiene is used, most of the time it refers to 1,3-butadiene.

The name butadiene can also refer to the isomer, 1,2-butadiene, which is a cumulated diene. However, this allene is difficult to prepare and has no industrial significance. This diene is also not expected to act as a diene in a Diels-Alder reaction due to its structure. To effect a Diels-Alder reaction only a conjugated diene will suffice.
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Properties of Allyl Bromide

Item Name: Allyl bromide
Molecular Formula: C3H5Br
CAS No.: 106-95-6
Synonyms; 1-Bromo-2-propene;1-Propene,3-bromo-;3-bromo-1-propen;3-bromo-prop-1-ene;3-bromo-propen;3-Brompropen;Allylbromid;allylbromide(3-bromopropene)

Properties of Allyl Bromide:
mw   120.98
mp  -119 °C
bp  70-71 °C(lit.)
density  1.398 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
vapor density  4.2 (vs air)
refractive index  n20/D 1.469(lit.)
Fp  28 °F
storage temp.  2-8°C
Water Solubility  insoluble
Merck  14,288
Allyl bromide is a colorless to light yellow, irritating toxic liquid with a boiling point of 71.3°C. It is soluble in organic solvents. It is used in organic synthesis and for the manufacture of synthetic perfumes. Allyl bromide (3-bromoprop-1-ene) is an organic halide. Its refractive index is 1.4697 (20 °C, 589 nm). Allyl bromide is an alkylating agent used in synthesis of polymers, pharmaceuticals, allyls and other organic compounds.

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What Is Methenolone Acetate?

 Methenolone Acetate

Item name: Methenolone Acetate
CAS:434-05-9
Molecular Formula:C22H32O3
Molecular Weight:344.49 g/mol
Description:This product is white or off-white crystal powder.

Metenolone enanthate (or methenolone enanthate) is a dihydrotestosterone (DHT) based anabolic steroid. It is an ester derivative of methenolone sold commonly under the brand names Primobolan (tablet form) or Primobolan Depot (injectable). When it interacts with the aromatase enzyme it does not form any estrogens. It is used by people who are very susceptible to estrogenic side effects, having lower estrogenic properties than nandrolone.

Methenolone is also not overly suppressive of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, although how suppressive is debatable. For this reason, many bodybuilders use it in between steroid cycles during their "off-time" to help maintain their gains and strength. The long term safety of such a practice is possibly dangerous and can lead to permanent suppression of the HPTA.
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Basic Information of Testosterone Isobutyrate

 Testosterone Isobutyrate

Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group and is found in mammals, reptiles, birds, and other vertebrates. In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the testicles of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands. It is the principal male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid.

In men, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as the testis and prostate as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle, bone mass, and the growth of body hair. In addition, testosterone is essential for health and well-being as well as the prevention of osteoporosis.
Item Name: Testosterone Isobutyrate
Molecular Formula: C23H34O3
CAS No.: 1169-49-9
Molecular weight: 358.51
Specification: Enterprise Standard
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Tuesday, May 29, 2012

Simple Description of Clostebol Acetate

 Clostebol acetate


Item Name: Clostebol acetate(Chlordehydromethy-ltestosterone actate)
Chemical Name: 4-androstadien-17β-ol-4-Cl-3-one acetate
Molecular Formula: C21H29ClO3
CAS No.: 855-19-6
Description: white or almost white crystalline powder
Specification: Enterprise Standard
Clostebol (INN), usually as the ester clostebol acetate, is a synthetic anabolic androgenic steroid. Clostebol is the 4-chloro derivative of the natural hormone testosterone.

Cloestebol is a weak anabolic steroid which was used by athletes from the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). It is a version of testosterone that is chlorinated so as to prevent conversion to DHT while also rendering the chemical incapable of conversion to estrogen.
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Applications of Esametilentetrammina

 Esametilentetrammina

Hexamethylenetetramine (Esametilentetrammina) is a heterocyclic organic compound with the formula (CH2)6N4. This white crystalline compound is highly soluble in water and polar organic solvents. It has a cage-like structure similar to adamantane. It is useful in the synthesis of other chemical compounds, e.g. plastics, pharmaceuticals, rubber additives. It sublimes in a vacuum at 280 °C.

Hexamethylenetetramine was discovered by Aleksandr Butlerov in 1859.

The main use of hexamethylenetetramine is in the production of powdery or liquid preparations of phenolic resins and phenolic resin moulding compounds, where it is added as a hardening component. These products are used as binders, e.g. in brake and clutch linings, abrasive products, non-woven textiles, formed parts produced by moulding processes, and fireproof materials.

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Details of Anti-DCP

 Anti-DCP

Des-gamma carboxyprothrombin (DCP), also known as protein induced by vitamin K absence/antagonist-II (PIVKA-II), is an abnormal form of the coagulation protein, prothrombin. Normally, the prothrombin precursor undergoes post-translational carboxylation (addition of a carboxylic acid group) by gamma-glutamyl carboxylase in the liver prior to secretion into plasma. DCP/PIVKA-II may be detected in people with deficiency of vitamin K (due to poor nutrition or malabsorption) and in those taking warfarin or other medication that inhibits the action of vitamin K.

Dcp1a is necessary for the degradation of mRNAs, both in normal mRNA turnover and in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Removes the 7-methyl guanine cap structure from mRNA molecules, yielding a 5'-phosphorylated mRNA fragment and 7m-GDP. Contributes to the transactivation of target genes after stimulation by TGFB1. Dcp1a binds DCP1B, DCP2, RENT1 and SMAD4 and forms part of a cytoplasmic complex containing proteins involved in mRNA decay, including XRN1 and LSM1. Store at -20℃ for one year. Avoid repeated freeze/thaw cycles. The lyophilized antibody is stable at room temperature for at least one month and for greater than a year when kept at -20℃. When reconstituted in sterile pH 7.4 0.01M PBS or diluent of antibody, the antibody is stable for at least six weeks at 2-4 ℃. Anti-DCP as supplied is intended for research use only, not for use in human, therapeutic or diagnostic applications.
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Characteristics of Tert-butyl Hydroquinone( TBHQ)

Tert-butyl hydroquinone( TBHQ)

Tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) have many functions like as stay oil oxidation, enhance food stability. It have a good effect of antioxidant ability (5~7 times than BHA, BHT, PG). It has antimicrobial function which can restrain all microbes in applied concentration.

Characteristics of Tert-butyl Hydroquinone( TBHQ):
CAS No.:1948-33-0
Molecular formula :C10H14O2
Purity: 99% min

TBHQ is a highly effective antioxidant. In foods, it is used as a preservative for unsaturated vegetable oils and many edible animal fats. It does not cause discoloration even in the presence of iron, and does not change flavor or odor of the material to which it is added. It can be combined with other preservatives such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). As a food additive, its E number is E319. TBHQ is added to a wide range of foods, with the highest limit (1000 mg/kg) permitted for frozen fish and fish products. Its primary advantage is enhancing storage life.
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Some Knowledge About Chemical Nickel Concentrate

 Chemicalnickel concentrate

Item Name: Chemicalnickel concentrateDetails: DA series of concentrated liquid and the large-scale industrial production process has been tested for 20 years and continue to improve, can be recycled more than 7 cycles, stable and reliable, on-line to add, can also be used for rolling rack plating, heavy metals such as lead free , In line with ROSH directives. Coating dense, smooth non-porous surface can 4μm; coating with high corrosion resistance, 25-micron thick fuming nitric acid test up to 2 hours does not change color.

The use of nickel (as a natural meteoric nickel–iron alloy) has been traced as far back as 3500 BC. Nickel was first isolated and classified as a chemical element in 1751 by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, who initially mistook its ore for a copper mineral. The element name comes from a mischievous sprite of German miner's mythology, Nickel (similar to Old Nick), that personified the fact that copper-nickel ores resisted refinement into copper. Nickel's most important modern ore minerals are laterites, including limonite, garnierite, and pentlandite. Major production sites include Sudbury region in Canada (which is thought to be of meteoric origin), New Caledonia in the Pacific and Norilsk in Russia.
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The Structure of Gadolinium(III) Oxide

 Gadolinium(III) oxide

Gadolinium oxide (archaically gadolinia) is a inorganic compound with the formula Gd2O3. It is one of the most commonly available forms of the rare earth element gadolinium, derivatives of which are potential contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging.

Gadolinium oxide has two most common structures: monoclinic (Pearson symbol mS30, space group C2/m, No. 12) and cubic (cI80, Ia3, No. 206). The cubic structure is similar to that of manganese(III) oxide, which, as a mineral, is also called bixbyite (then with a minor iron(III) content). There are two types of gadolinium sites in the cubic structure, both with a coordination number of 6 but with different geometry of the surrounding oxygen atoms. At room temperature, the cubic structure is the most stable and a phase change to the monoclinic structure takes place at 1200 °C. From 2100 °C and up to the melting point at 2420 °C, a hexagonal phase dominates.

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Simple Information of Chromic Hydroxide

 Chromic Hydroxide

Hydroxide is a diatomic anion with chemical formula OH−. It consists of an oxygen and a hydrogen atom held together by a covalent bond, and carrying a negative electric charge. It is an important but usually minor constituent of water. It functions as a base, as a ligand, a nucleophile, and a catalyst . The hydroxide ion form salts, which dissociate in aqueous solution, liberating solvated hydroxide ions. Sodium hydroxide is a multi-million-ton per annum commodity chemical. A hydroxide group attached to a strongly electropositive center may itself dissociate, liberating a hydrogen cation (H+), making the parent compound an acid.

Item name: Chromic Hydroxide
CAS: 1308-14-1
Molecular Formula: CrH5O4
Formula Weight: 121.03g/mol

Chromic hydroxide is a gray-green, gelatinous precipitate formed when a base is added to a chromic salt; the precipitate dries to a bluish, amorphous powder; prepared as an intermediate in the manufacture of other soluble chromium salts.
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Indications of Zolmitriptan


Zolmitriptan is a selective serotonin receptor agonist of the 1B and 1D subtypes. It is a triptan, used in the acute treatment of migraine attacks with or without aura and cluster headaches.

Zolmitriptan is marketed by AstraZeneca with the brand names Zomig, Zomigon (Argentina, Canada & Greece), AscoTop (Germany) and Zomigoro (France). In 2008, Zomig generated nearly $154 million in sales.

Zolmitriptan is used for the acute treatment of migraines with or without aura in adults. Zolmitriptan is not intended for the prophylactic therapy of migraine or for use in the management of hemiplegic or basilar migraine.

Zolmitriptan is available as a swallowable tablet, an oral disintegrating tablet, and a nasal spray, in doses of 2.5 and 5 mg. People who get migraines from aspartame should not use the disintegrating tablet (Zomig ZMT), which contains aspartame.
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The History of Stavudine

Stavudine







Stavudine (2'-3'-didehydro-2'-3'-dideoxythymidine, d4T, brand name Zerit) is a nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NARTI) active against HIV. Stavudine is used in combination with other medicines for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

Stavudine was first synthetized in the sixties by Jerome Horwitz. It was subsequently reconsidered as an anti-HIV agent by the Rega Institute for Medical Research in Belgium. Stavudine was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on June 24, 1994 for adults and on September 6, 1996 for pediatric use and again as an extended-release version for once-a-day dosing in 2001. The fourth antiretroviral drug on the market, its patent expired in the United States on 2008-06-25.

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Introduction of Phosphonitrilic Chloride Trimer

 Phosphonitrilic chloride trimer

The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine, a halogen, gains an electron to form an anion (negatively-charged ion) Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid contain chloride ions and can also be called chlorides. The chloride ion, and its salts such as sodium chloride, are very soluble in water. It is an essential electrolyte located in all body fluids responsible for maintaining acid/base balance, transmitting nerve impulses and regulating fluid in and out of cells.

Item name: Phosphonitrilic chloride trimer
CAS No.: 940-71-6
Molecular formula: Cl6N3P3
Purity(HPLC): 99%min (GC)
Appearance: White crystal powder
Melting point: 109-113℃

Polymerization of phosphonitrilic chloride trimer at pressures of 10 kbars and above has shown that increasing pressure favors the formation of the rubbery high polymer thermodynamically, but slows its rate of formation. There appears to be no difference in hydrolytic or thermal stability between elastomer formed under high pressure conditions and that obtained by the more usual polymerization at 1 atm.

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Applicable Scope of e-Module CS6P Components

 e-Module CS6P Components


Modules are very closely related to the representation theory of groups. They are also one of the central notions of commutative algebra and homological algebra, and are used widely in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology.

E - Module CS6P component is 60 piece by piece composed, crystal cell efficiently high-quality strong all black aluminum alloy frame. e-Module CS6P components are widely used in large independent and grid system of solar power. With many years of experience in the design of the o winters process engineer according to the solar energy components materials and illumination characteristics and installation of convenient, optimize the solar-cell arrangement of components and size.

Applicable Scope of e-Module CS6P Components:
•Grid residential solar roof system
•Grid commercial or industrial building solar roof system
•solar power station
•Other grid application
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The Explanation of Lysergol

 Lysergol
Lysergol, is an alkaloid of the ergoline family that occurs as a minor constituent in some species of fungi (most within Claviceps), and in the morning glory family of plants (Convolvulaceae), including the hallucinogenic seeds of Rivea corymbosa (ololiuhqui), Argyreia nervosa (Hawaiian baby woodrose) and Ipomoea violacea. Lysergol is not a controlled substance in the USA. Its possession and sale is also legal under the U.S. Federal Analog Act because of it does not have a known pharmacological action or a precursor relationship to LSD, which is a controlled substance. However, lysergol can be utilized as an intermediate in the manufacture of some ergoloid medicines (e.g., nicergoline).

Item name: Lysergol
CAS :602-85-7
Molecular Weight :254.33g/mol
Molecular Formula: C16H18N2O

Lysergol is a colorless needle crystal or white crystalline powder. It is odorless and tasteless.It is perishable in case of light or air.

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Information of Glu-Glu Peptide

 Glu-Glu Peptide

Item name:Glu-Glu Peptide
CAS:3929-61-1
Molecular Formula:C10H16N2O7
Molecular Weight: 276.24g/mol
Description:Glu-Glu peptide is a kind of lyophilized powder. The purity is not less than 90% by HPLC. This peptide can be used in competition experiments, or to elute bound GLU-GLUfusion proteins from the GLU-GLU Affinity Matrix. It is sold for laboratory research use only, not for human or in-vivo use. Glu-Glu peptide shoud be sealed at -20°C.

Peptides have recently received prominence in molecular biology for several reasons. The first is that peptides allow the creation of peptide antibodies in animals without the need to purify the protein of interest. This involves synthesizing antigenic peptides of sections of the protein of interest. These will then be used to make antibodies in a rabbit or mouse against the protein.

Another reason is that peptides have become instrumental in mass spectrometry, allowing the identification of proteins of interest based on peptide masses and sequence. In this case the peptides are most often generated by in-gel digestion after electrophoretic separation of the proteins.
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Nafarelin Acetate's Dosage in Children

Nafarelin acetate is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist proven as effective as danazol in treating endometriosis. Its proposed mechanism of action is the desensitization of pituitary GnRH receptors leading to a decrease in gonadotropin release, and ovarian hormone serum concentrations similar to those achieved in postmenopausal women.
 Nafarelin Acetate
Item name: Nafarelin Acetate
CAS: 86220-42-0
Molecular Formula: C68H89N17O16
Formula Weight: 1400.54

In children, nafarelin acetate was rapidly absorbed into the systemic circulation after intranasal administration. Maximum serum concentrations (measured by RIA) were achieved between 10 and 45 minutes. Following a single dose of 400 µg base, the observed peak concentration was 2.2 ng/mL, whereas following a single dose of 600 µg base, the observed peak concentration was 6.6 ng/mL. The average serum half-life of nafarelin following intranasal administration of a 400 µg dose was approximately 2.5 hours. It is not known and cannot be predicted what the pharmacokinetics of nafarelin will be in children given a dose above 600 µg.

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Description of 3,5-Di-O-(p-toluyl)-2-Deoxy-D-Ribofuranosyl Chloride

 3,5-Di-O-(p-toluyl)-2-deoxy-D-ribofuranosyl chloride


Item name: 3,5-Di-O-(p-toluyl)-2-deoxy-D-ribofuranosyl chloride
CAS: 3601-89-6
Molecular Formula: C21H21ClO5
Formula Weight: 388.85
Description of 3,5-Di-O-(p-toluyl)-2-Deoxy-D-Ribofuranosyl Chloride:
Melting Point:1 09°C dec.
Use: Used as medicine intermediate.
Storage: Store the product under dry environment with low temperature; avoid light.
Item Categories: 13C & 2H Sugars;Carbohydrates & Derivatives

The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine, a halogen, gains an electron to form an anion (negatively-charged ion) Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid contain chloride ions and can also be called chlorides. The chloride ion, and its salts such as sodium chloride, are very soluble in water. It is an essential electrolyte located in all body fluids responsible for maintaining acid/base balance, transmitting nerve impulses and regulating fluid in and out of cells.

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Licorice Extract's Uses and Benefits


Liquorice extract is produced by boiling liquorice root and subsequently evaporating most of the water, and is traded both in solid and syrup form. Its active principle is glycyrrhizin, a sweetener between 30 to 50 times as sweet as sucrose, and which also has pharmaceutical effects.

 Licorice extract Licorice extract has several benefits. As an herbal supplement it is said to boost the immune system, aid in the function of antioxidants, lower cholesterol and even thin the blood. It is also used as a natural remedy for controlling the symptoms of menstruation and menopause. As a medicine, can be included in items such as cough drops, or it can be made into tea.

Licorice extract is the essence of the licorice plant and is sweet in nature. This extract is gained from two methods, and the most common thing in both the methods is the harvesting of roots. In the first method, roots are grounded into powder, this is a traditional method. In the second method, the roots are pulped and boiled and the licorice extract is gained by allowing the water to evaporate. •Licorice extract contains glycyrrhizic acid which is its main compound. Glycyrrhizic acid is 50 times more sweet than the sucrose found in sugar cane.
 •In numerous countries licorice extract is used for flavoring candy, cigarettes, chewing gums and so on. Most foods in the US are not flavored by glycyrrhizic acid alone.
 •Research have also shown that glycyrrhizic acid has also been successful for many medical applications.

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Monday, May 28, 2012

Details of 6-Methoxy-3,4-Dihydronaphthalen-2-One


 6-methoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-one Item name:6-methoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-one
CAS:2472-22-2
Molecular Formula:C11H12O2
Formula Weight:                     176.21
Details of 6-Methoxy-3,4-Dihydronaphthalen-2-One:
Density:1.124 g/cm3
Melting Point:28-35 ºC
Boiling Point:114-116 ºC (0.2 mmHg),319.4 °C at 760 mmHg
Flash Point:>110 ºC
Appearance:White Crystal.
Use:Used as medicine intermediate.
Storage:0-6°C

Methoxy is used in organic nomenclature usually to describe an ether. It is also an electron-donating group and can cause an organic compound to become less acidic.

The simplest case is another methyl group giving dimethyl ether; other methoxy ethers are methoxyethane and methoxypropane. In the field of natural compounds, examples bearing methoxy groups are O-methylated flavonoids. It is also found in Mescaline and its analogues, 2C-B, 2C-E and 2C-P for instance.

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Some Information of Piperonylamine

 Piperonylamine
Item name:Piperonylamine
 CAS:             2620-50-0
 Molecular Formula:C8H9NO2
 Formula Weight:             151.16
 Specifications of Piperonylamine:
 Boiling point:138-139 °C13 mm Hg(lit.)
 Flash Point:>230 °F
 Density:1.214 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
 Solubility:Stable under ordinary conditions.0.9 g/100 mL
 Apperance:clear to yellow liquid.
 Use:used in making veterinary medicines, insecticides and pediculicides.

The present invention provides N-propargyl-piperonylamine of its addition salts. By addition salts are meant the addition salts with acids obtained by reaction of the free base with an inorganic or organic acid. Suitable acids include hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, methanesulphonic acid, p-toluenesulphonic acid and succinic acid.

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